Anatomy & Kinesiology Notes

Course Objectives and Overview

  • The course will cover aspects of the:
    • Circulatory system
    • Skeletal system
    • Respiratory system
    • Nervous system
    • Digestive system
  • The skeletal system provides framework and protection.
  • The muscular system supports joint movement.
  • Articulation of joints will be discussed, with a focus on force vector analysis and activity analysis (more heavily covered in biomechanics and physiology classes).

Activity Analysis and Modification

  • Occupational therapists are experts in activity analysis and modification.
  • The approach involves modifying or tweaking activities using low-tech or high-tech solutions.
  • When looking at an activity, consider:
    • Human activity engagement
    • What happens with the body to achieve success in activities of daily living (ADLs)
    • Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

Physiological Considerations

  • The dynamic nervous system controls movements and body functions.
  • Cardiovascular and pulmonary balance is essential to support activities.
  • Metabolic equivalence (METs) relates to metabolic output in relation to activity.
  • Consider metabolic demands in various populations (older adults vs. younger adults, individuals with hemiplegia).

Textbook and Movement Concepts

  • The textbook is written by an occupational therapist.
  • Topics include:
    • Arthrokinematics
    • Force vector analyses
    • Biomechanics
    • Motor movement in relation to joints
    • Axes and principal rotation

Occupational Areas

  • Domains of occupation include:
    • Rest
    • Sleep (considered an occupation)
    • Education
    • Work
    • Play
    • Leisure
    • Health management
  • Importance of work/life/school balance and self-care.

Biopsychosocial Framework

  • Key components:
    • Performance skills (motor skills, process skills, social interaction)
    • Underlying anatomy

Anatomical Position and Terminology

  • Anatomical position:
    • Standing upright
    • Feet apart
    • Head forward
    • Arms to the side, arms forward
  • Provides a reference for positioning and movement.
  • Anterior (volar) vs. posterior (dorsal).
  • Cranial (head) vs. caudal (tail).
  • Proximal (towards center) vs. distal (away from center).
  • Medial vs. lateral (related to the center of the body).
  • Dorsal vs. palmar (hand).
  • Superior (above) vs. inferior (below).

Origins, Insertions, and Planes of Motion

  • Origins: where muscles attach and move the least.
  • Insertions: points of attachment that typically move move the bones.
  • Planes of motion:
    • Sagittal plane: divides the body into left and right halves; primarily involves flexion and extension.
    • Frontal plane: divides the body into front and back halves.
    • Transverse plane: divides the body into top and bottom halves.

Fluid Dynamics

  • Neuronal propagation and action potential movement through nerves based on fluid dynamics.

Skeletal Structure

  • Bones provide framework and structure.
  • Types of bones: long bones, short bones, cancellous bones.

Joints and Articulation

  • Examples:
    • Shoulder joint (humeral head and scapular fossa)
    • Articulation cartilage
  • Ligaments and tendons stabilize joints.

Muscular System

  • Central muscles keep internal organs in place.
  • Connective tissues.
  • Intramuscular septum section larger muscles.
  • Trapezius: elevates scapula and flexes cervical spine laterally.
  • Muscle patterns: fusiform, sphincter control, multipennate.

Joint Types

  • Examples:
    • Glenohumeral
    • Ellipsoidal (wrist, radiocarpal)
    • Hinge joints