Kinesiology Final Exam Notes

Human Growth and Development

  • allows use to understand how people respond to the demands of exercise at different stages in the development process

  •  We need to figure out milestones and how fluctuation could cause issues which means that some can be affected by life style such as diet and exercise

4 Components of Human Growth and Development (CoPES)

  • Physical: The growth and development of body’s muscles, bone, energy systems, and nervous system.
    Cognitive: Our ability to interpret and figure out what the information we are receiving. This is also how we perceive ourself and the concept of self-awareness.

  • Social: The development of relationship with peers, friends, relatives, adults, and others in your environment

  • Emotional: How well you can regulate feeling such as fear, anger and pleasure.

3 Types of Age

  • Chronological age: Age in years, months and day → your birthday.

  • Skeletal age: how mature your skeleton.

  • Developmental age: how well you have developed over all in the 4 components and shown in patterns. (CoPES)

Relative Age Effect

  • the affect that people have that are born at the beginning of the year compared to the ones at the end and can be found in both sports and academia.

  • usually shown in younger kids

  • This is not always true but they show that they have more time to develop

  • This is because individuals all have different rates of growth because of external and internal factors

Stages of Human Development

Infancy to Toddler (Birth to 2-3 years)

  • MOST SIGNIFACANT GROWTH PERIOD

  • Period of rapid growth especially in the head and chest area (allows for vital organs to grow) → bones also harden a lot

  • also have muscular development and can develop a range of motor skills (ie crawling, grasping object)

The Sensorimotor Stage

  • Cognitive: the ability to demonstrate intelligence by means of motor activity without the use of symbols → the ability to associate themselves in an environment and get a response from

  • at the end there should be some development of early language abilities (ie sign language)

  • THEY ARE EGOCENTERIC AND CAN NOT SEE OTHER PERSON’S VIEW

Childhood (4-7 years old)

  • there starts to be a stabilization period which allow s people to get base motor skills

  • period of rapid state of growth and development

  • this is when people are introduced to sports and actives but they have to be adapted to each development of kid → there is a sibling factor

  • UNSTRUCTURED IMAGITIVE PLAY is very important which includes active movements with no time pressure or expected outcomes → good overall

The Pre-Operational Stage (2-7 years old)

  • Cognitive: the ability to use symbols, ie letters, number and picture of objects

  • the language starts to develop → can associate words with symbols

  • when memory and imagination start significantly and you can think about your past

  • you have a little bit more of an ability to sense others around them

Puberty/Adolescence (11-18 years old)

  • average ages for both sexes is around 10-15, females start 12-13 years old and males is 15+

  • this is when physiological changes take place and they begin to grow in sexual maturity. The pituitary gland causes the sex organs to grow and develop so they can reproduce

  • PSYCHOLOGICAL development → this puberty causes a change in social and behavioral contexts

  • this lead to a change in SOCIAL relationships and can form either positive or negative experiences that can influence a person’s sense of self and values.

2 Cognitive Stages

Concrete Operational Stage

  • 7-11 years old

  • when logical thinking develops and they can solve hands-on problems

  • they understand the conception of conservation: numbers, mass… can be manipulated to be added and subtracted (this can then relate to one another

  • they can start to understand things in reverse → operational thinking

  • THIS IS WHEN THERE IS LIMITED EGOCENTRIC THOUGHT AND DEVELOP EMPATHY

Formal Operation Stage

  • 11-15 years old

  • children begin to demonstrate intelligence through their ability to solve complicated abstract problems and understand how they can relate to abstract concepts

  • THIS IS A RETURN TO EGOCENTRIC THINKING

Cognitive related to Physical Activity

  • there are many benefits for the brain when people exercise such as a defense against ADD, addition, Alzheimer

  • There is an added benefit as they can have social and emotional development → learn how to deal with stress, participate in sports, learn to interact appropriately and can also establish and continue ties and friendships

Adulthood Stages (18+ years)

  • they go through a wide range of physical changes as they grow older:

    1. large gain in weight (life-style change)

    2. reduced capacity to take in and use oxygen

    3. increased in BP and RHR

    4. weaker joints

  • People have to start to focus on exercise and diet and having a positive outlook in life they can grow old in good condition

  • need at least 150 minutes of aerobic activity each week and at least 2 days per week

  • helps in all 4 components

  • should start this at a young age so normalized