310101bA Shop Hand Tools

Basic Tools Overview

• ILM 310101bA: Place for Everything & Everything in Its Place.

Objectives

• Describe and apply safe techniques for using various workshop hand tools.

• Tool Condition Factors:

  • Workmanship

  • Attitude

  • Work efficiency judgment

Hand Tools Maintenance

Cardinal Rules for Tool Maintenance

1. Keep tools clean.

2. Keep lubricated (if required).

3. Replace tools when damaged or worn.

4. Never modify or fabricate a tool.

   • Light oiling helps prevent rusting.

   • Always put tools away after use.

Hammers

Types of Hammers

• Claw: for hammering and pulling nails.

• Peen Hammers:

  • Ball Peen: used for shaping metal.

  • Straight Peen and Cross Peen: used for forming metal.

• Dead Blow Hammer: filled with sand, reduces rebound.

• Soft-Faced Hammers:

  • Caution: Non-sparking and good for forcing without scarring.

• Heavy Duty Hammers:

  • Size is determined by head weight. Includes engineering, blacksmith, and sledgehammers.

Punches

Types of Punches

• Hole Punch: for making holes in gasket materials.

• Center and Prick Punches: for marking workpieces.

  • Prick punches have angles between 30° to 60°, while center punches feature 90° points.

Metal Stamps

1. Permanently mark workpieces.

2. Available in letters/numbers and single characters.

3. Size ranges from 0.8mm (1/32”) to 25.4mm (1”).

4. Shallow grooves indicate orientation.

5. Used for actuator and valve alignment during rebuilds.

Screwdrivers

Types of Screwdrivers

• Slotted

• Cross Slot / Phillips

• Pozidriv

• Torx

• Security T

• Hexagon

• Robertson: size identified by color.

Clutch Screws

• Designed for installation but not easy removal.

Adjustable Spanners

• Also known as a Crescent Wrench.

• Over-used; use only for low torque, non-critical applications.

Combination Wrenches

• Pulling vs Pushing: Safer to pull.

• Standard sizes include:

  • ½” Tube fitting: 7/8”

  • 3/8” Tube fitting: 11/16”

  • ¼” Tube fitting: 9/16”

  • Typically, subtract 1/16” for fitting body sizes.

Pliers

Types of Pliers

• Pump Pliers (Channel Locks): grip in one direction.

• Linesman Pliers: used for gripping and cutting.

• Slip-joint Pliers: adjustable for various grip sizes.

Pipe Wrenches

• Many companies no longer use them due to concerns over snipes.

• Usage: push to grip, pull to slip.

Vises

Common Types

• Machinist Vise: flat jaws, can be fixed or swivel base.

• Utility Bench Vise: also features flat jaws.

  • Remember to use soft jaws for soft materials to prevent damage.

  • Never hit the handle with a hammer.

Hacksaws

• One of the most widely used saws. Different blades selected based on steel type.

Hacksaw Guidelines

1. Pick the right pitch (number of teeth) to have at least two teeth on the cutting area.

2. Cuts are performed on the push stroke.

3. Use the entire blade for longer strokes (~50 strokes per minute).

4. The width cut is determined by the blade's set.

Files

• Files are used to cut fine material from the workpiece; they come in various sizes, shapes, and cuts.

Types of Files

1. Cross-Sectional Types: flat, hand, round, half-round, triangular, square, warding, knife edge.

2. Cut Grades:

   • Rasp: 8 TPI

   • Rough: 20 TPI

   • Coarse: 25 TPI

   • Bastard: 30 TPI

   • Second Cut: 40 TPI

   • Smooth: 60 TPI

   • Dead Smooth: very fine.

File Maintenance

• Clean files with a file card to avoid scratching and improve cutting surfaces.

• Clogging called pin or pinning.

Cold Chisels

• Used for cutting metal softer than the chisel itself.

• Types include: flat, cape, round nose, diamond point.

Chisel Rules

1. Always wear safety glasses.

2. Never use a mushroomed head chisel.

3. Chisel heads must be free from oil & grease.

4. Block work in vise for stability.

Angles of Cutting Edges

• Common angle range: 60-70 degrees for most chisels.

• Flat chisels for bronze: facets should be 50°.

Chisel Types

• COLD CHISEL

• CAPE CHISEL

• HALF ROUND CHISEL

• DIAMOND POINT CHISEL

• ROUND NOSE CHISEL

Self Test

• ILM 310101bA: Safety and Shop Practices Assignment 2.