Alfred Wegener - a German meteorologist from 1830-1880 who developed the continental drift theory
Continental Drift - states that all continents were once joined together as once and separates as time passes
The pangea break-up led to an increase in seaways and shorelines, which have affected the diversification of terrestrial plants and animals by creating several isolated continental regions
During the final drifting of pangea, rapid seafloor spreading caused a tremendous release of carbon dioxide gas, which led to global warming
Wegener's Evidence Topographic Evidence
Fossil Correlation
Rock Formation
Paleoclimactic Evidence
Topographic Evidence - he assumed that all continents were once connected in one large supercontinent, and pieced together Africa and South America
Fossil Correlation fossils are traces and remains of animals that lived prehistorically
before pangea broke apart, several rocks were found in Antarctica, australia, south america, africa, and india
glossopteris fossils were formed in the rocks on each continents
Mantle the layer below the crust
the largest layer in the earth
made up of 2 layers
Lithosphere - is made up of the crust and the Moho
The temperature of the crust is about 200-400 degrees celsius
Crust the outermost layer of the earth
light and brittle
where most earthquakes happen
Subduction - it is when one plate (oceanic crust) is forced beneath another plate (continental crust)
Back then, when scientists mapped the earthquake data, they found that the activities happen in narrow bands
The crust makes up 1% of the earth
The crust is typically about 25 miles thick beneath the surface and 6.5 miles thick beneath the ocean
Mohorovicic discontinuity - the boundary line between the crust and the mantle
Oceanic crust - very dense and made of basalt
Continental crust - less dense and made of granite
The upper layer of the mantle is called lithosphere and the lower layer is called asthenosphere
Lithosphere where magma is stored
molten rocks in this layer of the mantle are rigid
Magma - semi-fluid, molten rocks that are formed inside the earth
Asthenosphere larger than the lithosphere
molten rocks are fluid and move in a circular motion called convection current
Panthalassa - one mega-ocean that surrounded Pangea
Pangea started splitting into two landmasses called what?
Laurasia and Gondwanaland
Laurasia and Gondwanaland started to split about how many years ago?
20mya
Panthalassa means "all water"
What does the term "Pangaea" mean in Greek?
It means "entire earth" or "all earth"
What is the theory that suggests continents were once connected and have since drifted apart?
The theory of continental drift
What was Alfred Wegener's profession?
He was a meteorologist
What observation do many people notice when looking at a world map regarding continents?
Continents appear to fit together like puzzle pieces
What name did Wegener give to the supercontinent he believed existed?
Pangaea
What radical theory did Alfred Wegener propose about the continents?
He suggested that continents were once connected and have drifted apart
What ancient reptile did Wegener study to support his theory?
The Mesosaurus
What is the first piece of evidence Wegener presented for continental drift?
The apparent fit of the continents
Why is the distribution of Mesosaurus fossils significant?
It suggests that Africa and South America were once connected
What is the third piece of evidence Wegener used to support his theory?
Rock or mountain correlation
What is the fourth piece of evidence Wegener presented?
Paleo climate data
How do glacial striations relate to Wegener's theory?
They indicate that continents were once in colder regions
What happened to Wegener during his expedition to the North Pole?
He died of exposure and was frozen in the ice
What was one major limitation of Wegener's theory when he died?
He could not explain what caused the continents to move
Who is the scientist associated with the theory of continental drift?
Alfred Wegener
What does the term "fossil correlation" refer to in Wegener's evidence?
It refers to matching up identical fossils found on either side of the ocean
What did Wegener find when comparing mountain ranges in the northeastern United States and Northern Europe?
They matched up perfectly in rock type and age
What was the title of Wegener's published book?
The Origin of Continents and Oceans
What are the implications of Wegener's theory of continental drift?
Suggests continents were once connected
Explains the distribution of fossils and geological features
Indicates past climate changes
What does the presence of coal deposits in cold areas suggest?
That those areas once had a tropical climate
How did Wegener support his theory of continental drift?
He gathered evidence to prove that continents had drifted
What are the four pieces of evidence Wegener used to support his theory of continental drift?
1. Apparent fit of the continents
2. Fossil correlation
3. Rock or mountain correlation
4. Paleo climate data
Continental drift theory - all continents were once a part of one giant supercontinent called "Pangea"
Alfread Wegener - is a German meteorologist from 1912 that developed continental drift theory
The Origins of Continents and Oceans - a book in which Wegener had published his theory with evidences
Trenches - deep depressions in the ocean floor
The evidences within the ocean led to the seafloor spreading theory
Climactic evidence - evidence of past climates in regions that no longer match the current climate
Fit of the continent the continents fit together like puzzle pieces
Fossil evidence similar fossils of plants and animals were found on continents separated by oceans
Rock formation - matching rock formations and mountain ranges were found on different continents
Tectonic plates - large, rigid pieces of Earth's lithosphere that move and interact at their boundaries
Seafloor spreading theory - the process where new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and slowly moves away, helping push continents apart and provide evidence for continental drift
What is a genus in taxonomy?
A grouping of similar species
Where are electrons located?
In orbitals outside the nucleus
What is an isotope?
Forms of an element with different neutrons
Batik means DROP (Malaysian-indonesian)
Javanese and Balinese - two forms of music in Indonesia
Javanese polyphonic structure
GONG AGENG is the most important instrument
GAMELAN - the most popular form of music (orchestra); largest gong ensemble
Gamelan includes BAMBOO FLUTES and STRING
Gamelan has up to 30-50 MEMBERS
Gamelan is composed of PERCUSSION instruments like met allophones, gongs, drums and spike fiddles
Gamelan is a highly respected ensemble such as "KYAI MENDUNG" OR "THE VENERABLE DARK CLOUD"
Players SIT on the floor barefoot
Mostly played in HINDU TEMPLES as an offering to their gods
Gamelan is believed to be SACRED and has SUPERNATURAL POWERS
SARON BARUNG - an octave higher than baron demung
SARON SLENIEM - an octave lower than saron demung
GAMBANG - idiophone xylophone with 21 KEYS made with wood
INDONESIA known as the largest archipelago (17,000 islands)
a part of the ring of fire
largest number of active volcanoes
has tropical weather
Balinese has much more shimmering sound
faster, w/ sudden change in tempo and dynamics
cymbals are added
GAMELAN - hammer; GAMBELI - to play musically
Gamelan is used to accompany SONGS, DANCES, and SHADOW PLAYS\
Gamelan musicians give respect by BOWING before playing
SARONS - are instruments with 5-9 KEYS
SARON DEMUNG - largest and plays the melody
SARON PANERUS - plays the melody but doubles the note, syncopation
GONG AGENG - huge suspended gongs that marks every repetition of the fixed melody
KEMPUR - suspended, definite-pitched gong that sounds an octave higher than gong ageng
GONGS - instruments that support the fixed melody
GENDERS - met allophones with keys made of bronze
GENDER DEMUNG - even lower and plays the main theme
GENDER BARUNG - octave lower than the gender panerus
GENDER PANERUS - highest pitched in genders
BONANGS - kettle-like instruments arranged to their pitch (highest to lowest)
KENDANG - two-headed drum used to keep the tempo and signal some of the transitions of the entire ensemble
KEMPYANGS - smaller gongs in the gong classification
KENONG - hanging in a horizontal box and looks like a kettle that sounds an octave higher
GENDER SLENIEM - lowest pitched in the family of metallophones
SULING - end-blown flute and sometimes included in the gamelan ensemble to play ornamentation for the main theme
SLENDRO and PELOG - two scales or tuning system in gamelan
SLENDRO - pentatonic or five tone scale; male system
PELOG - seven tone scale; female system
REBAB - bowed instrument that resembles a violin with two strings and a heart
Thai silk is fabricated from the cocoons of THAI SILKWORMS mostly produced in Khorat
Ang DAGAT ang pangunahing humubog sa sinaunang kabihasnan ng greece
BATIK - a textile that has geometric and various free-form designs based on nature
MALAYSIAN WAU KITE - farmers use these as scarecrows or to lull children to sleep
KRAMA - can be used as bandanas, hammock, or a form of weaponry
Ang greece ay napapalibutan ng dagat: Black Sea
Aegean Sea
Ionian Sea
Mediterranean
BATIK - cloth of Indonesia
WAU BARAT - leaf kite
IKAT - cambodia's outfit
Principles of Art Balance
Variety
Emphasis
Rhythm
Pattern
Unity
Proportion
Cambodians use NATURAL DYES
Cambodia's natural dyes are from INSECT NESTS (RED) and PLANTS AND VARIED BARKS (BLACK, BLUE, GREEN, AND YELLOW)
Symmetrical balance is also known as FORMAL BALANCE
WAU KUCHING - cat kite
Chut Thai - thailand's outfit
Most Vietnamese fabrics originated from HA DONG
The weavers raise the caterpillars on a balanced diet of MULBERRY LEAVES
SEXUALITY - the quality of being a male or female
Vietnam fabrics include SHANTUNG TAFFETA, BENGALINE WEAVE, EBONY SATIN
KULTURA - uri ng pamumuhay ng isang pangkat ng tao
Ellen Churchill Semple: The study of changing relationship between unresting man and unstable Earth
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS - the rights of an individual over his or her creative works
PATENT - an exclusive right granted for an invention
MULTIMEDIA - is the combination of different technologies
COPYRIGHT - a legal term used to state the rights of an author
TRADEMARK - a sign that distinguishes the products or services of an establishment to another
TRADE SECRETS - these can be confidential business information that provide a competitive advantage
Caregiving - providing care for the physical and emotional needs of a person
Feeding Bottle - can be made of safe plastic with ring top, rubber nipple and cap
Drinking Cup - also made of child safe plastic with lid and spout that fit the young child’s mouth
Knife - can come from different sizes and is used for specific cutting purposes
Cutting Board - made of durable plastic or wood on which food materials is placed for cutting
Pots - used for cooking rice, vegetables stew, and soup
Pan - hallow cooking ware with sides that extend up one or two inches only from the base. Unlike pot it’s usually has one handle
Food Processor - an electric kitchen appliance used for chopping, mixing, or pureeing foods
Food Tongs - made of double metal bands joined at the head with spring. They are used for moving and flipping food while frying or broiling, and for grasping and lifting hot food to the plate
Stove - is a kitchen appliance used for cooking food, which is used interchangeably with a range
Coffee Maker - a kitchen appliance used for brewing coffee. It produces coffee by spraying hot water on coffee granules
Whisk Broom - made of corn straw and is used for sweeping the floor. A ceiling broom has a long extendable handle and is used to remove dust, dirt, and cobwebs on the ceiling and walls
Duster Cleans - is used for dusting dry surfaces. A dusting cloth made of microfiber is preferred to remove dirt and dust on woodwork
Mop - is used to scrub the floor after a cleaning solution is applied
A squeezing mop is preferred because it is unhygienic to use the hands in squeezing the mop head
Floor Polisher - is power operated used to polish and scrub hard vinyl and wood type of floors
Vacuum - collects dust from inaccessible areas and small particles, from the floor via powerful suction
Sandwich Maker - made of two hinged concave metal plates where bread slices and filling are inserted. It heats, toasts, and seals the sandwich
Laundry Basket - a multi purpose hamper used for storing dirty clothes for washing, container for wet laundry for drying, and receptacle for sorting clothes
Dustpan - either a flat handled or long handled receptacle used too collect and temporarily store dust and wastes swept from the floor
Flat Iron - handheld appliance used to remove wrinkles from clothes when heated
Dryer - dries clothes and garments by mechanically removing excess amount of water after washing
Ironing Board - a board covered with cloth, usually with folding legs that is used for flattening wrinkles in shirts, diseases, skirts and trousers
Clinical Thermometer - is used to measure the body temperature
Hanger - is used to hang clothes and other garments to protect them from wrinkles and to keep the closet organized
Stethoscope - is used for listening heartbeats and respiratory sounds
Sphygmomanometer - is used to measure the blood pressure of children and adults
Washing Machine - an electrical appliance used to wash different types of clothes, linen, and fabric without exerting much effort
Microwave Oven - a kitchen appliance that heats and cooks food using microwave radiation. It heats food faster and more efficiently than the stove
Cooking Spoon - made of wood, metal, or plastic used for stirring, serving, and transferring food
Elemento ng kultura: Karaniwang Gawi, Magkakatulad na Unawaan, at Organisadong Lipunan
DRAWING AND PAINTING - offers a variety of brushes, pens, and other tools for creating digital art
GIMP stands for GNU IMAGE MANIPULATION PROGRAM
a popular and open-source software used for image editing, retouching, and creation
IMAGE EDITING - can be used for basic tasks like, cropping and color adjustments, as well as more complex like photo restoration
PHOTO RETOUCHING - can remove blemishes, wrinkles, and other imperfections from photos
IMAGE MANIPULATION - can combine multiple images, add text, and apply filters to create unique effects
GIMP TOOLBOX Paint tool
Shape tool
Selection tool
Text tool
Navigation tool
GIMP TOOLBOX - a collection of tools on the left side of GIMP interface that are used to perform image-editing tasks
Heograpiyang Pantao - pag-aaral sa interaksyon ng tao sa kanyang pisikal na kapaligiran
Mayroong 7,105 living languages na galing sa LANGUAGE FAMILY
KHORAT - the center of silk industry in Thailand
Elements of Art Line
Color
Shape
Form
Space
Texture
Value
Cambodia is known for their COTTON TEXTILE
Ha Dong is a popular center for SERICULTURE
RESIST TECHNIQUE - is the process that covers the areas of clothes with a dye-resistant substance (hot wax) in order to prevent them from absorbing colors
The batik or drop action refers to the process of dyeing the fabric with the use of RESIST TECHNIQUE
LUN YAYAK ACHEIK - cloth of myanmar
Lun yatak achiek is expensive
THAILAND FLYING SKY LANTERN - celebration of Yi Peng Festival
Thailand flying sky lantern is made of natural materials such as RICE PAPER WITH BAMBOO FRAME
WAU BULAN - moon kite
WAU JALA BUDI - woman kite
WAU MERAK - peacock kite
Malaysian wau kite is used in festivals like the PASIR GUDANG WORLD KITE FESTIVAL
Female symbol represents the roman goddess VENUS or the chemical symbol for COPPER
Male symbol is usually represented as the SHIELD and SPEAR of the roman war god ARES
PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS - on the part played by light in vision
Fuzzy Tool - used to soften or blur areas of an image
Paintbrush Tool - used to paint on an image with various brush types and sizes
Crop Tool - used to remove unwanted areas from an image
Visibility - turning layers on or off to control which parts of an image are visible
Selection Tool - used to select specific areas of an image
Scale Tool - used to resize layers or the entire image
Move Tool - used to move layers, selections, or guides
Editing - edit individual layers without affecting the rest of the images
Fill Bucket Tool - used to fill an area with a specific color
Order - the order of layers determines which elements appear on top of the others
Opacity - adjusts the transparency of layers to blend them together or create visual effects
Modes - affect how layers interact with each other, creating different visual effects
IMAGE LAYERS - these are like transparent sheet stacked on top of each other; each layer holds a separate part of an image
ETHNOCENTRISM - paghusga ng isang kultura batay sa pagpapahalaga at pamantayan ng sariling kultura
RELIHIYON - kalipunan na paniniwala at ritwal ng isang pangkat na tao patungkol sa kinikilalang Diyos
PANGKAT-ETNIKO - ay isang grupo ng tao na may iisang kultura
WIKA - ang kaluluwa ng kultura
Impluwensiya ng relihiyon: kaisipan, kilos, at pagpapahalaga
LAHI - tumutukoy sa pagkakakilanlan ng isang tao batay sa kanilang pisikal na katangian
Naging importanteng bahagi sa buhay ng mga greece ang MARITIME TRADE
Ang kasaysayan ng isang tao ay nangyayari sa isang partikular na lugar
Su buong kasaysayan ng isang tao, palagi siyang nakikisalamuha sa kaniyang kapailigiran
Heograpiya - ang siyentipikong pag-aaral ng katangiang pisikal mg daigdig
The study of patterns and processes of human and environmental landscapes, where landscapes comprise of real and perceived space. - Wassmandrof, 1995
Ang heograpiya: Pisikal at Tao
Pisikal - pag-aaral ng likas na katangian ng mundo
Lokasyon -ito ang nagtatakda ng kinaroroonan ng lugar sa daigdig
Dalawang uri ng lokasyon: Absolute at Relative
Absolute location - tiyak na lugar kung saan matatgpuan ito
Longitude - imaginary lines mula hilaga hanggang timog
Ang Prime Meridian ay ginagamit para mahati ang mundo sa eastern at western hemisphere
Ang Prime Meridian ay dumaraan sa Greenwich, England
Latitude - imaginary lines mula silangan hanggang kanluran
Ang ekwador ay ginagamit para mahati ang mundo sa northern at southern hempishere
Relative location - natutukoy sa pamamagitan ng paggamit ng mga lugar at bagay sa paligid nito
Lugar - inilalarawan ang mga katangiang pisikal at pantao ng isang lokasyon
Interaksyon ng Tao at Kapaligiran - inilalarawan ang epekto ng tao sa kaniyang kapaligiran
Pagkilos - nagbibigay-paliwanag kung paano ang mga tao, mga ideya, at mga hayop nakalilipat sa isang lugar patungo sa ibang lugar
Dalawang paraan sa pagturo ng kultura: Pagmamasid at pag-gaya at Tuwirang Pagtuturo at Pagpasa ng Ideya
MODERN PHYSICS - topics in physics that have surfaced after the 20th century
CLASSICAL PHYSICS - refers to topics in physics that have developed before the beginning of the 20th century
MECHANICS - the study of forces acting on bodies whether at rest or in motion
STATISTICS - on forces on bodies at rest
KINEMATICS - the study of motion without regards to its cause
DYNAMICS - the study on motion and the forcea that affect it
ACOUSTICS - the study of the production and propagation of sound waves
OPTICS - the study of light
ELECTROSTATICS - the study on electric charges at rest
ELECTROMAGNETISM - the study of the properties of electricity and magnetism and their relationship
GEOMETRICAL OPTICS - on the reflection and refraction of light
PHYSICAL OPTICS - on the production, nature, and properties of light
THERMODYNAMICS - the study of the relationship between heat and other forms of energy
MAGNETOSTATICS - the study on magnetic poles at rest
ELECTRODYNAMICS - the study on moving charges
REVERSE FAULTS - when the crust is compressed and the hanging walls move up relative to the footwall
EARTHQUAKES - these are the shaking of the Earth's crust
DIP-SLIP FAULTS - vertical movements of blocks of rocks
CONVECTION CURRENTS - the movement of liquid material that is heated from the underneath, rises, and cools on top
EPICENTER - the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus
FAULT - a break on the Earth's surface along which significant movement has taken place
NORMAL FAULTS - caused when the hanging walls move down relative to the footwall
STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS - horizontal movements of blocks of rocks
RIGHT-LATERAL STRIKESLIP - sideways movement to the right
LEFT-LATERAL STRIKESLIP - sideways movement to the left
FAULT PLANE - the flat surface between two pieces; this is where fault slip or fault movement happens
FOCAL LENGTH - the distance between the focus and the epicenter
FOCUS - the place where the earthquake starts along the fault plane
TECTONIC EARTHQUAKES - occurs when rocks on the Earth's crust break due to geological forces caused my movements of the tectonic plates
VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKES - occurs in conjuction with volcanic activity
COLLAPSE EARTHQUAKES - are small earthquakes in underground caverns and mines
INTENSITY - refers to the effect or damage caused by an earthquake
MAGNITUDE - refers to the measure of energy released by an earthquake
EXPLOSIVE EARTHQUAKES - result from explosions of nuclear and chemical devices
DIVEREGENT - move away from each other
Ang mga taga kabihasnang minoan ay nakapagtatag ng mataas na antas ng lipunan sa pulo ng CRETE
Virgil
Sumulat ng epikong tula na Aeneid.
PARATHON
Isang mahabang palaro ng takbuhan.
Scipio Africanus
Nagdala ng tagumpay sa labanang Zama.
PARIS
Isang prinsipe ng Troy.
SALAMIS
Isang pulo sa pagitan ng mga lungsod estado ng Gresya.
Epicureanismo
Naniniwala sa kasiyahan bilang pangunahing layunin.
MARATHON
Isang lugar sa silangang Gresya kung saan ang mga Athenian ang nagwagi sa pamumuno ni Miltiades.
Gymnasium
Estruktura para sa pagsasanay ng mga sundalo.
Romulus at Remus
Magkapatid na ninuno ng mga Romano.
Amulius
Lolo ni Romulus at Remus na nagalsa.
PALAKOL
Ito ay nagamit muna nila sa agricultural, at nagging mahalagang kagamitan sa paggawa ng mga pamayanan nila.
MINCIAN
Ang sinasabing unang nagtayo ng pamayanan sa timog ng Europa
LINEAR B
Isang Sistema ng pagsulat na nagmula sa Linear A ng mga Minoan. (87 simbolo)
CLAY TABLET
Unang Sistema ng pagsulat na ginagamit din sa pagsasalita ng mga tao upang makabuo ng isang wika.
DIGMAANG PELOPONNESIAN
Kung saan nagkaroon ng hidwaan ang mga estadong lungsod sa Peloponnesus.
The Republic
Pamamahala ng mga inihalal na opisyal.
Colosseum
Estruktura para sa mga labanan ng gladiator.
MINGTAUBO
Isang nilalang na may ulo ng toro at may katawan ng tao.
Punic Wars
Digmaan laban sa mga Carthaginian.
Circus Maximus
Tanghalan para sa karera ng chariot.
FRESCO
Mga dibuhong tinakpan ng emplasto upang tumigas at tumagal.
NOSSOS
Pinakamatandang lungsod sa Europa.
Euclid
Naglatag ng pundasyon ng heometriya sa ELEMENTS.
Banner
Simbolo ng kapangyarihan at estado.
Monarkiya
Tagapagtatag ng mga templo at daanan.
KABIHASNANG HAWAIIAN
Mga taong naglakbay mula sa mga pulo ng marquesas noong 400 CE
ATHENS at SPARTA
Pinakatanyag at pinakadakilang polis sa kasaysayan ng daigdig.
AESCHYLUS
Isang manunulat ng dulang trahedya na ang pangunahing kwento ay nakatuon lamang sa isang salaysay at ang kahulugan nito.
Martial
Makatang Romano na sumulat ng epigrama.
ARCHON
Ang alyam na mga kalalakihang nagkokontrol ng mga usaping political at pangrelihiyon ng Athens.
SOCRATES
Kitatang pilosopo sa Pilosopiyang Kanluranin na mula sa Athens.
ZEUS
Siya ang pinakamakapangyarihang diyos na naghari sa lahat ng iba pang mga diyos at diyosa ng mga Mycenaean.
ALIPIN
Walang karapatang political at legal.
Pater Familias
Pinakapinuno ng angkan, karaniwang lalaki.
POLYANDRY
Ang pagkakaroon ng babae ng higit sa isang asawang lalaki.
KONSEHO
Ang siyang nagpapatupad ng mga polisya para sa kalakalan at pamayanan na kinakailangan sangayunan ng esembliya.
BELEUCAS
Namuno sa Asia Minor (nasa Turkey) at Persia.
POLYGYNY
Ang pagkakaroon ng lalaki ng higit sa isang asawang babae.
Polygyny
Pagkakaroon ng higit sa isang asawang babae.
Constantine the Great
Pamahalaan sa Constantinople, unang emperador.
Sestertius
Yunit ng pananalapi sa Roma.
RELDTS
Ang mga Messenian na kanilang nasakop, Isang salitang Griyego na nangangahulugang 'Bihag'.
ERASTOSTHENES
Nagsabing ang daigdig ay bilog at unang nagtaya ng sirkumperensya nito.
Patrician
Mamayang aristokratikong may lupa sa Roma.
WANAX
Pinamamahalaan ang buong estado ng isang hari.
LUNGSOD-ESTADO
Isang estado o pamayanan na may sariling pamahalaan at batas na tinatawag na polis.
GEROUSIA
Na binubuo ng 28 na lalaki na may edad na mahigit 60 taon na siyang binubuo ng mga mungkahi para sa estado.
PERIKLES
Narating ng Athens ang ginintuang panahon ng demokrasya.
Archimedes
Nag-aral ng esfera at silindro.
MYCENAE
Isang maunlad na estado na umiral mula 1600 BCE hanggang 1100 BCE.
KALALAKIHAN
Ang pinakamataas na uri na may parehong karapatang legal at political.
Plebeian
Mahihirap na mamamayan sa Roma.
Pax Romana
Panahon ng katahimikan at kapayapaan.
PRIDIPPICES
Ang siyang nagpabatid sa tagumpay ng mga Athenian ngunit sa layo ng kaniyang nilakad at tinakbo.
Spartacus
Aliping Thracian na nag-alsa.
Augustus
Unang emperador ng Roma, 'the reverend.
Senado
Matatanda na tagagawa ng batas.
AKROPOLIS
Ang sentro ng bawat polis kung saan nagtipon-tipon ang mga tao upang talakayin ang politika at relihiyon.
SOLON
Ang isa sa pinakatanyag na archon na nagpatupad ng reporma sa ekonomiya tulad ng paglalaya ng mga alipin.
DIGMAANING THEENHOW XERXES
Inilunsad ni Xerxes.
MENANDER
Manunulat ng komedya na karaniwang payak ng tema na tumatalakay sa pag-ibig ng isang bayani ng pamayanan.
MESSENIA
Isang rehiyon sa timog-kanlurang Gresya upang makakuha ng produkto buhat sa masaganang lupaing ito.
MACEDONIA
Nagmula sa isang maliit na kaharian sa hilagang Gresya.
Academe
Disiplina na nakatuon sa pag-aaral ng buhay.
CLAY PIPES
Isang uri ng pagpipigil sa pag-apaw ng tubig sa kanilang mga lupain sa pamamagitan ng paggawa ng mga kanal.
PANAHONG HELENISTIKO
Ito ay sa rehiyon ng timog Gresya at ang panahon ng pagiral nito.
HOMER
Isang makata at mananalaysay na Griyego (Epikong LLIAD & ODYSSEY).
POLIS
Binubuo ng mga lungsod, bayan, at maliit na pamayanan.
DRAMA
Isa sa pangunahing libangan ng mga Athenian.
Academy
Lugar ng pag-aaral at pag-unlad ng isip.
Gaius at Tiberius Gracchus
Nagbigay ng lupa sa mga walang lupa.
PLATO
Gumawa ng librong THE REPUBLIC.
EPHORS
Ang pangkat na binubuo ng umang talaki na siyang mangangasiwa sa edukasyon ng mga kalalakihan at pag-uugati ng pamayanan.
CLEISTHENES
Ang pinuno na unang nagpakilala ng sensiya ng demokrasya.
Lyceum
Pagtitipon ng mga mag-aaral para sa pag-aaral.
HELEN
Na asawa ng hari ng Sparta na si Menelaus.
TROJAN HORSE
Kahoy na kabayo.
Tacitus
Sumulat ng Annals of Imperial Rome.
LION GATE
Isang lugusang papasok sa lungsod ng Mycenae.
ARGORO
Isang lugar na kinalalagyan ng palengke at pook kung saan nagsamasama ang mga tao sa pamayanan. Matatagpuan sa ilalim ng Akropolis.
DIGMAAN SA PLATAE
Kung saan finalo ng mga Spartan ang mga Persiyano.
HERODOTUS
Tinaguriang Ama ng Kasaysayan sa kanyang binuong tala tungkol sa digmaan sa Thermopylae.
ANTIGONUS
Namuno sa Macedonia at sa iba pang panig ng Gresya.
Kilala
Unang katiwala ng Aklatan ng Alexandria.
Stoicism
Ayon kay Zeno, kapayapaan ang susi sa kasiyahan.
TROP
Isang lungsod sa Silangan ng Gresya. Na malapit sa isang bayang tinatawag na Hellespont na nasa bansang Turkey sa kasalukuyan.
THUCYDIDES
Nakitaan ng isang makabago at biyentipikong Sistema ng pagsusulat sapagkat tuwiran niyang sinuri at pinagmasdan.
Law of the 12 Tables
Nagbigay ng karapatan sa mga plebeian.
HELLAS
Ang pangalan ng Gresya sa wikang Griyego.
LINEARA
Isang Sistema ng pagsusulat na gumagamit ng mga simbolong nagpapahayag ng pantig upang makabuo ng mga salita.
ARISTOTLE
Isang Griyegong pilosopo mula sa isang tanyag na paaralan na tinatawag na LYCEUM.
Consul
Pinakamataas na pinuno ng republika.
ARISTARCHUS NG SAMOS
Naniniwalang ang mga bituin at araw ay hindi gumagalaw, bagkus ang daigdig ang siyang umikot dito.
PROJANWAR
Bilang pinakamahabang bahagi sa kasaysayan nito.
AGAMEMNON
Hipag ng hari ng Mycenae.
EURIPIDES
Ang karaniwang tema ng mga sinusulat na dula ay tungkol sa mga pangyayari sa totoong buhay.
HARING PHILIP NG MACEDONIA
Arig namuno sa paglusob sa mga lungsod-estado ng Gresya.
POLYH
Namuno sa Ehipto.
SOPHOCLES
Na lumikha ng obrang Oedipus Rex.
THEOCHITUS
Isang manunulat na karaniwang isinusulat ay yaong tungkol sa pag-ibig sa kalikasan at ang pagsasalamat sa biyaya ng kalikasan.
Spartan Resilience
Endurance of hardships without complaint.
Minoan Economy
Thrived on trade with Eastern Mediterranean regions.
Archon
High-ranking officials in ancient Athens' government.
Spartan Women
Enjoyed rights and responsibilities, unlike Athenian women.
Phoenician Alphabet
Writing system adopted by Greeks for communication.
Lydian Currency
Use of coins in commerce adopted by Greeks.
Spartan Age of Service
Men serve in military until age 60.
Ostracism
Exile process for perceived threats in Athens.
Democracy
Government by the people, emphasizing citizen participation.
Education
Valued for teaching reading, arts, and politics.
Military Training
Two-year program for Athenian males at 18.
Greek Colonization
Movement of Greeks to new lands for trade.
Sumerian Measurement
System of measurement learned by Greeks for trade.
Political Organization
Polis structure fostered civic responsibility and governance.
Trade Expansion
Growth of cities through product exchange.
Cleisthenes
Established democratic reforms in Athens by 510 BCE.
Athenian Social Structure
Dominated by wealthy, often neglecting common citizens.
Draco
Legislator known for harsh laws in Athens.
Pisistratus
Tyrant who improved living conditions in Athens.
Pericles
Leader who expanded democracy in Athens, 461-429 BCE.
Strategos
Military general in ancient Athens.
Agriculture
Main livelihood and food source for Athenians.
Athenian Trade
Increased due to Solon's reforms and stability.
Constitution
Fundamental laws governing Athenian democracy.
Aristocrats
Wealthy elite class in ancient Athens.
Spartan Military Training
Rigorous training from age seven for warriors.
Minoan Civilization
Ancient society in Crete, flourishing 3100-1400 BCE.
Judicial Rights
Granted to ordinary male citizens under Solon.
Social Classes
Divisions among citizens affecting political power.
Political Participation
Encouraged by Pericles for all citizens.
Writing Systems
Minoans developed early forms of written communication.
Solon
Reformer who abolished debt slavery in 594 BCE.
Decline of Minoans
Collapsed due to invasions and natural disasters.
Mycenaea
City known for advanced infrastructure and fortifications.
Acropolis
High city area for temples and political activities.
King Minos
Legendary king after whom Minoan civilization is named.
Minoan Sports
First civilization to build arenas for competitions.
Mycenaean Civilization
Preceded Minoans, prominent in Southern Greece.
Agora
Public marketplace for trade and social interaction.
Economic Growth
Resulted from trade and agricultural improvements.
Dark Age
Period of decline lasting approximately 300 years.
Polis
City-state in ancient Greece, central to community life.
Hellenes
Term for the people of ancient Greece.
Trade Networks
Connections facilitating exchange of goods and culture.
Cretan Palaces
Architectural centers of Minoan political power.
Art and Culture
Minoans excelled in pottery, frescoes, and sculpture.
Economic Activities
Included agriculture, trade, and craftsmanship in Greece.
Spartan Society
Focused on military strength and discipline.
Public Works
Projects initiated by Pericles for citizen benefit.
City-State
Independent urban center with its own government.
Commoners
Ordinary citizens benefiting from Solon's reforms.
Social Structure
Divided into nobles, traders, farmers, and slaves.
Hellenic Civilization
Greek civilization from 800 BCE to 400 BCE.
Military Structures
Mycenaean fortifications protected against invasions.
Helot
Spartan serfs, agricultural laborers, often enslaved.
Phalanx
Military formation of heavily armed infantry.
Tyrant
Leader promoting citizen rights, later abused power.
Athenian Economy
Based on mining, trade, and fishing, not agriculture.
Athenian Assembly
Gathering of citizens for political decision-making.
Spartan Child Rearing
Healthy infants raised; unhealthy abandoned to die.
Athenian Tyranny
Shift from rights advocate to oppressive rule.
Spartan Warfare Tactics
Innovative strategies leading to military success.
Civic Duty
Obligation of citizens to support their polis.
Knossos
Major city and trade center of Minoan civilization.
Dorian Invasion
Led to the fall of Mycenaean civilization in 1100 BCE.
Ionian Influence
Cultural impact from Ionian traders post-Dark Age.
Dorian
Greek tribe that established Sparta in Peloponnesus.
Thucydides
Historian who documented Pericles' achievements.
Iliad and Odyssey
Epic poems studied by Athenian boys.
Metropolis
Mother city of a colony or city-state.
Irrigation System
Improved agricultural productivity under Pisistratus.
Philosophers
Thinkers emerging from Athenian intellectual environment.
Artisans
Skilled workers contributing to Athenian culture.
size
if enough force is applied, it can also change the ----of an object
unbalanced forces
can change an objects motion
opposite
friction acts in a direction ------ to the direction of the object's motion
KNOSSOS ang sinaunang lungsod na nagsimula sa kabihasnang Minoan
Ang kabihasnang Minoan ay matatagpuan sa pulo ng CRETE
Ang kabihasnang Minoan ay pinamumumunuan ni HARING MINOS
FRESCO - mga larawan na mabilisan, subalit binasang ang pinta sa dingding gamit ng basa na plaster
LINEAR A - sistema ng pagsulat ng mga minoan
The wrinkles are considered as the mountain ranges and other features of the Earth that is formed during the cooling event
The lithosphere is composed of many independent, massive slabs of rocks called "plates"
CONTRACTION THEORY - suggests that as the Earth cools after its transformation, its surface is contracted and wrinkled
PLATE TECTONICS - Earth's surface is broken into a number of shifting slabs and pieces; JOHN TUZO WILSON(1908 - 1993)
HOTSPOTS - small volcanic islands
The lithosphere is a shell of hars strong rocks that is about 100km
CONVECTION CURRENTS - cycles that occur in the mantle caused by the heat/continuous heating up of liquids and gases
What occurs at convergent boundaries?
Plates collide
What theory is an extension of Alfred Wegener's work?
Plate tectonics
What is the density of continental crust made of granite?
About 2.7 g/cm³
What happens to hot material in the process of convection?
It becomes less dense and rises
What is the process called that drives the movement of tectonic plates?
Convection
Where do most earthquakes and volcanoes occur?
At or near the boundaries between plates
What is a subduction zone?
Where oceanic crust sinks beneath continental crust
What is the famous transform boundary in California?
San Andreas Fault
What forms as a result of subduction zones?
Active volcanoes and deep ocean trenches
What is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?
A mid-ocean ridge formed by divergent boundaries
What is a rift zone?
A place where land rips apart
What is an island arc?
A chain of volcanic islands formed by oceanic-oceanic subduction
What mountain range is formed by the collision of India and the Eurasian plate?
The Himalayas
What does the age of rock indicate in relation to mid-ocean ridges?
Younger rock is found near the ridge, older rock is further away
What do extinct volcanoes indicate about plate movement?
The direction in which the plate is moving
What are the three types of plate boundaries?
Transform boundaries: Plates slide past each other
Convergent boundaries: Plates collide
Divergent boundaries: Plates drift apart
What are the characteristics of oceanic and continental crust?
Oceanic crust: Thinner, denser (about 3.0 g/cm³), made of basalt
Continental crust: Thicker, less dense (about 2.7 g/cm³), made of granite
What is the role of convection in plate tectonics?
Hot material rises, cools, and sinks
Creates convection cells that drive plate movement
How do rift zones and mid-ocean ridges differ?
Rift zones: Occur on land, where land rips apart
Mid-ocean ridges: Occur in oceans, where magma rises to form new rock
When was the theory of plate tectonics put together?
In the mid-1900s
What is the outer shell of the Earth called?
Lithosphere
What type of boundary occurs when plates are pulled apart?
Divergent boundary
What is the best example of a hotspot?
Hawaii
What types of crust can the plates be made of?
Oceanic crust and continental crust
What are the pieces of the lithosphere called?
Plates
What are the rising and sinking currents in the mantle called?
Convection Currents
What is a collision zone?
Where continental crust collides with continental crust
What happens at divergent boundaries?
Plates drift apart
What is a common feature of transform boundaries?
Earthquakes
What is the significance of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?
It is a major mid-ocean ridge formed by divergent boundaries
It shows evidence of seafloor spreading
What is the first type of plate boundary mentioned?
Transform boundary
What layer lies beneath the lithosphere?
Asthenosphere
What is a mantle plume?
A column of hot magma rising from the asthenosphere
What is the density of oceanic crust made of basalt?
About 3.0 g/cm³
What is a hotspot?
An area of magma that rises through the lithosphere
How do hotspots create chains of islands?
As the lithosphere moves, new volcanoes form over the hotspot
What do alternating bands of magnetism in rock indicate?
That the rock is spreading apart at mid-ocean ridges
What is the symbol for divergent boundaries in reference tables?
A specific symbol indicating divergence
How does the movement of the lithosphere affect volcanoes over hotspots?
It drags active volcanoes to the side, allowing new ones to form
What are the features associated with each type of plate boundary?
Transform boundaries: Earthquakes
Convergent boundaries: Earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain ranges, trenches
Divergent boundaries: Earthquakes, volcanoes, mid-ocean ridges
What are the geological features formed by subduction zones?
Active volcanoes
Deep ocean trenches
Mountain ranges
What is the relationship between hotspots and plate tectonics?
Hotspots are areas of magma that can create volcanoes in the middle of tectonic plates
They can lead to chains of islands as plates move over them
What evidence supports the theory of plate tectonics?
Earthquakes and volcanoes occur at plate boundaries
Alternating bands of magnetism in rocks indicate seafloor spreading
What happens at transform boundaries?
Plates slide past one another
What is believed to have existed at the moment of the Big Bang?
A primordial soup of particles and forces
What does electromagnetism govern?
Electricity, light, and chemistry
What does the strong force do?
Binds protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei
What is the temperature around which quarks and leptons break down into one entity?
About <latex>10^{31}</latex> degrees Celsius
How many fundamental forces are known to control everything in the universe?
Four fundamental forces
What is the role of the weak force?
Responsible for certain types of radioactivity
What does gravity do?
Binds us to Earth and orbits of planets
What is the energy range during the grand unified epoch?
About <latex>10^{19}</latex> Giga electron volts
What is the temperature during the quark epoch?
About <latex>10^{15}</latex> degrees Celsius
What is the ultimate symmetry of the universe?
All forces and particles are one at a deep level
What is the smallest measurement of time in quantum mechanics?
Planck time
What is the temperature during the Planck epoch?
About <latex>10^{31}</latex> degrees Celsius
What is cosmic inflation?
Momentary expansion of the universe
What happens during the grand unified epoch?
The strong force, weak force, and electromagnetism are united
What occurs during the quark epoch?
The electroweak force splits into weak force and electromagnetism
What is the significance of the Large Hadron Collider?
Models energy levels of the universe's early state
Why is electromagnetism not the dominant force in the universe?
Large objects tend to be electrically neutral
What is the average temperature of the universe today?
About negative 270 degrees Celsius
How does Newton's law of universal gravitation relate to electromagnetism?
Both have similar mathematical formulas
What does Coulomb's law describe?
The electrical force between charged bodies
What is the effective range of the strong nuclear force?
Width of a proton
Why does gravity have a non-zero effect on distant objects?
It extends infinitely far
What is the energy behind nuclear bombs?
Release of binding energy from the strong force
What is the strong nuclear force's role in atomic nuclei?
Keeps protons and neutrons bound together
What is beta decay?
Neutron decaying into a proton, electron, and anti-neutrino
What is the focus of Dr. Lincoln's course?
Theory of everything and reality explanation
What is the next topic to be discussed in the video?
Mechanisms of forces between particles
What does the weak force cause?
Beta radiation and neutron decay
What is the effective range of the weak force?
About one thousandth the diameter of a proton
Who is the educator mentioned in the video?
Dr. Lincoln of Fermilab
What topics are related to the video in Dr. Lincoln's course?
Supersymmetry, quantum gravity, QCD
What is the significance of the Higgs boson?
It confirms the existence of the Higgs field
What is the special offer mentioned for Great Courses Plus?
A free trial for new users
What is binding energy in nuclear reactions?
Energy released when particles are bound together
What is the role of beta plus decay in nuclear stability?
Converts protons into neutrons for stability
What historical context is important for particle physics theories?
Development of theories explaining fundamental forces
How does quantum mechanics affect force interactions?
It explains attraction and repulsion mechanisms
Why are particle accelerators important in understanding the universe?
They model energy levels of early universe
What potential future discoveries are anticipated in particle physics?
New theories uniting all fundamental forces
What is a force?
A push or pull acting on an object
What is the symbol for gravitational force?
Fgrav
What is an applied force?
A force applied by a person or object
How are forces categorized?
By contact or non-contact interactions
What is the symbol for applied force?
Fapp
What is the value of g on Earth?
8 N/kg
What is the equation for gravitational force?
Fgrav = m * g
What are the two broad categories of forces?
Contact Forces
Action-at-a-Distance Forces
What does the gravitational force do?
Attracts objects towards a massive body
What is the normal force?
Support force exerted by a stable object
What is air resistance?
A frictional force acting through air
What is the symbol for normal force?
Fnorm
How does friction force act?
Opposes motion of an object across a surface
What is the symbol for friction force?
Ffrict
What is the formula for maximum friction force?
Ffrict = µ • Fnorm
What is the symbol for tension force?
Ftens
What are the two types of friction force?
Sliding and static friction
What does tension force do?
Transmits force through a string or rope
What is the symbol for spring force?
Fspring
When is air resistance most noticeable?
At high speeds or with large surface areas
What is the relationship between mass and weight?
Mass is matter; weight is gravitational force
What does spring force do?
Restores an object to its equilibrium position
How does mass change with location?
Mass remains constant regardless of location
How does weight change with location?
Weight varies based on gravitational pull
What is the gravitational field strength on the moon?
7 N/kg
What happens to g as distance from a planet increases?
g decreases with increased distance
What is the upper limit of static friction?
Static friction has an upper limit based on adhesion
What are the two types of friction forces?
Sliding Friction: Occurs when an object slides across a surface.
Static Friction: Occurs when surfaces are at rest relative to each other.
How is sliding friction calculated?
Sliding Ffrict = μ • Fnorm
What happens when applied force exceeds static friction?
The object begins to move
What must students understand about forces for success in this unit?
Recognize presence or absence of forces
Construct free-body diagrams illustrating forces
Ang kabihasnang minoan ay bumagsak noong 1600 BCE
ARTHUR EVANS - nagbansag ng salitang MINOS - Ingles na arkeologo na nagsagawa ng panghuhukay noong 1899
Ang kabihasnang Minoan ay nabanggit ni Homer sa ILLIAD AT ODYSSEY
net force
sum of all forces acting on an object
when you pull on a window shade you exert
force
Arrow
an ---- can be used to represent the direction and strength of a force
move or accelerate
the net force determines how and if an object will be
static friction
acts between objects that aren't moving
balanced forces
will not change an objects motion
Gravity
earth has the power to attract everything towards its center. This force is called---
balanced forces
do not cause change in motion. They are equal in size and opposite in direction
friction
a force which opposes motion
newton
the SI unit for force
Work
when force is applied to an object,resulting in the movement of that object------ is said to be done
Work=ForcexDistance
work can be calculated using this formula
Types of forces
friction and gravity
balanced or unbalanced
forces come in pairs
Force
is the push or pull applied on an object. It can move a stationary object or stop a moving object.
Energy
the ability or capacity to do work
gravitational force
when you stand on a bathroom scale, it displays the ------ that the earth is exerting on you
greater
when two forces act in opposite directions, the object will accelerate in the same direction as the ---- force
newtons
the strength of a force is measured in
strength
a force is described by its ----- and by the direction in which its acts
friction
the force that two surfaces exert on each other when they rub against each other
rolling friction
occurs when an object rolls across the surface
law of gravitation
any masses exert an attractive force on each other. the amount of attraction depends on two things: the mass of the objects and the distance between them
weight
is a measure of the force of gravity on an object
decreases
as distance increases, gravitational force
How does mass differ from weight?
mass wouldnt be the same on another planet
magnitude and direction
forces have a
gravity
a force of attraction between two objects
fluid friction
occurs when a second object moves through a fluid
unbalanced forces
when the net force of an object is not zero, the forces on the object are unbalanced. An ------ always causes a change in motion
friction
when the irregularities of one surface come in contact with those of another surface ----- occurs
Speed and direction
force can also change the -----------of a moving object
What two factors affect the gravitational force between two objects?
mass and distance
increases
the applied force required to push something across a surface ------ as friction increases
gives us energy
the food that we eat----------to do various activities
Newton
the ----- is the unit used to express force
air resistance
a force which opposes a moving object
force
push or pull
sliding friction
two surfaces slide over each other
gravity
a measure of the amount of matter in an object
law of universal gravitation
states that the force of gravity acts between all objects in the universe that have mass
What are the two factors that affect the frictional force between two surfaces?
the types of surfaces involved and how hard the surfaces are pushed
Who usually plays the Guzheng?
Usually played by a female
BUHAY SEKULAR - buhay na walang kaugnayan sa relihiyon
Contraction Theory - states that as the earth cools after its transformation, its surface is contracted and wrinkled
The wrinkles are considered as the mountain ranges
JOHN TUZO WILSON - proposed the plate tectonic theory
Wilson's contribution to the plate tectonics theory are: introduction to hotspots and recognition of transform boundaries
Wilson proposed the cyclical opening and closing of the ocean basin known as the Wilson Cycle
PLATES - small slabs on the surface of the earth's lithosphere
PLATEN TECTONICS - theory that the Earth is divided into small individual plates that slowly move over time
Tectonic plates slowly glide over the ASTHENOSPHERE at a rate ranging from less than 1 to 16 cm per year
Continents and the ocean basis make up the upper part of the plates
BOUNDARY - the border between two tectonic plates
The great force generated at a plate boundary build MOUNTAIN RANGES and cause VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS and EARTHQUAKES
DIVERGENT - also known as "spreading center" or "rift zone"
When the gap widens between two divergent plates, it forms a RIFT VALLEY
OROGENIC BELT - a region of deformed rocks
Divergent - two plates spread apart from each other
Divergent boundary between ocean plates produce MID-OCEANIC RIDGES
When two continental plates collide and compress an OROGENIC BELT is formed
When one convergent plate moves underneath the other, a SUBDUCTION ZONE is formed
Oceanic-Oceanic (convergent) - forms a SUBDUCTION ZONE
The molten materials begin to rise, creating a chain of volcanoes
OCEANIC TRENCH - a long, narrow depression on the ocean floor
The MARIANA TRENCH in the western pacific ocean originated from O-O convergence
Oceanic-Continental (convergent) - a TRENCH is formed, while VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS form on land
Continental-Continental (convergent) - no subduction happens and MOUNTAIN RANGES ARE FORMED
ALPS and HIMALAYAS are examples of C-C convergent
TRANSFORM - two plates slide against each other in opposite directions
Transform boundary is capable of triggering devastating EARTHQUAKES
Only EARTHQUAKES are produced from the movement of transform plates
The lithosphere is broken into several large segments called tectonic plates
Places where molten lava or magma fill the gap of a rift valley becomes a VOLCANIC ISLAND
CONVERGENT - occurs when two plates slide towards each other
MEDITERRANEAN - ang klima sa Greece
Tinawid ni DARIUS ang AEGEAN SEA kasama ang 25,000 sundalo
LABANAN SA MARATHON - ito ang nagsimula ng persian wars
Ipinagpatuloy ni XERXES I ang pagsugod sa athens
Nang tinuloy ni xerxes i ang pagsugod sa athens, naging madugo ang LABANAN NG THERMOPYLAE noong 480 BCE
Pinamunuan ni LEONIDAS ang 300 spartans upang harangin ang mga persians
Natalo ng mga griyego (HOPLITE) ang mga persians gamit ang PORMASYONG PHALANX
Itinatag ng athens ang kanilang sarili bilang PINAKAMAKAPANGYARIHANG LUNGSOD-ESTADO
Ang magkalaban sa peloponnesian wars ay ang DELIN LEAGUE vs PELOPONNESIAN LEAGUE
Sa peloponnesian wars, nagdeklara ng pakikidigma ang athens sa SPARTA noong 431 BCE
Sa peloponnesian war, ipinag-utos ni PERICLES ang pananatili sa polis
Sa peloponnesian war, lumaganap ang isang MALUBHANG SAKIT sa athens na pumatay sa mga tao, kabilang si PERICLES
Ang nanalo sa peloponnesian war ay ang mga SPARTANS
HEREDOTUS - ama ng kasaysayan; siya ang nagsulat tungkol sa PERSIAN WARS, ang unang tala ng kasaysayan
THUCYDIDES - siya ang nagtala ng mga kaganapan noon peloponnesian wars
8 HEIRARCHY OF BIOLOGICAL CLASSFICATION: Domain, King, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Sa unang pakikipaglaban ni PHILIP NG MACEDONIA, natalo ng macedonia ang ATHENS at THEBES
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE - genus species
Sa loob ng isang taon, sinira ni alexander the great ang THEBES at inalipin ang mga mamamayan nito
ORGANISMS - first classified by Aristotle as plants and animals
KATAMTAMAN ang temperatura sa buong taon at madalas maaraw
Ang greek mainlang ay binubuo ng 2/3 BAKO-BAKONG KABUNDUKAN at 1/5 lamang ang lupa na maaaring PAGTANIMAN
LINEAR A - ang sistema ng pagsusulat sa kabihasnang minoan
HEINRICH SCHLIEMANN - nagbansag ng salitang mycenaean noong 1876 CE
Helen - ang magandang asawa ng isang haring Greek
Nagsimulang bumagsak ang lipunang Mycenaean noong 1200 BCE
DORIAN - sinalakay ang Greece kasabay ang pagkawasak nito bunsod ng lindol
Ang mga polis ay pinamumumunuan ng ISANG HARI
Dahil sa mga kabundukan, ang mga polis ay MALILIIIT at HIWA-HIWALAY
Ang DEMOKRASYA o pamahalaan ng marami ay nagsimula sa Athens
PAGKAMAMAMAYAN pagiging kasapi ng ISANG POLIS
nakikilahok sa mga gawaing PANSIBIKO at PANRELIHIYON
para lamang sa mga KALALAKIHAN
isang PRIBILEHIYO
Ang mga greek ay mayroong 12 KALIPUNAN NG MGA DIYOS AT DIYOSA na nagmula sa Greek MYTHOLOGY
ANTHROPOMORPHIC - ang pagkakaroon ng mga karakter at katangian ng isang tao
Ang unang olympic game ay naganap sa OLYMPIA noong 776 BCE
2 lungsod sa Greece - ATHENS at SPARTA
Ang mga athens ay nabigyan ng pagkakataon na makiisa sa LIMITED democracy
Ang edukasyon sa Athens ay nakasentro sa PAGHUBOG NG PAGKAMAMAMAYAN
Sa edukasyon ng Athens, sa edad ng 18-20, kailangan nilang sumailalim sa PAGSASANAY SA HUKBO sa loob ng 2 TAON upang ipagtanggol ang polis
Ang mga KABABAIHAN sa athens ay hindi itinuturing mamamayan at may LIMITADO na karapatan
KABABAIHAN SA ATHENS bawal silang magsilbi sa pamahalaan
bawal silang lumabas ng bahay
bawal silang magkaroon ng kaari-arian
Ang pamahalaan sa Sparta ay pinamumumunuan ng DALAWANG HARI na siya ring pinuno ng MILITAR NA POLIS
EPHOR - nagpapatupad ng mga batas, kontrol sa eduasyon, at nagsasagawa ng court proceedings
28 COUNCIL OF ELDERS - nagmumungkahi ng mga batas na pinagbobotohan ng ecclesia
3 PANGKAT NG TAO SA SPARTA: SPARTIATE - lehitimong mamamayan ng polis na mula sa may-ari ng lupain
PERIOECI - binubuo ng artisans, mangangalakal, at gumagawa ng mga armas
HELOT - alipin
Si Alexander the Great ay namatay sa edad na 32
KOINE - ang wikang gamit sa lungsod Hellenistic
KULTURANG HELLENISTIC - panibagong kulturang pinaghalo ng GRIYEGO na may impluwensiyang kultura ng PERSIAN, EGYPTIAN, at INDIAN
Nakipaglaban sa loop ng 11 TAON ang hukbo ni alexander at nakapaglakbay ng 17, 702 kilometro
Tinupad ni Alexander the Great and balk ng Ama niyang SAKUPIN ANG PERSIA
ALEXANDRIA - ang naging bantog sentro ng komersyo at kalakalan
Sa edad na 20, si ALEXANDER THE GREAT ay naging malakas na lider tulad ng kaniyang ama
Ninais pa sanang sakupin ni philip ang PERSIA, ngunit siya ay napatay noong 334 BCE
SIR ARTHUR EVANS - nagbansag ng salitang minoan upang tukuyin ang matandang sibilisasyon sa isla ng crete
Sa persian wars, napagkasunduan ang PAGTATAG NG DELIAN LEAGUE
Sa labanan ng persians, nanalo ang mga GREEKS
Ang kabihasnang Minoan ay mahusay sa pagdidisensyo ng mga PALAYOK
Ang kabihasnang Minoan ay tagagawa ng mga barko o BAPOR
Ang kabihasnang Minoan ay kumatawan sa Gintong Panahon sa kasaysayan ng Greece
THALASSOCRACY - ang kabihasnang nalikha ng mga griyego
Ang mga ilog ay hindi NAVIGABLE o hindi maaaring paglayagan
Ang kalupaan ay MABATO, MABUROL, at MABUNDOK NA LUPAIN
Ang mga kabihasnang minoan ay kilalang mga manlalayag at tagagawa ng mga BAPOR o barko
MYCENAEAN - sila ang kaun–unahang pangkat ng taong nagwika ng Greek sa lupain
Ang mga taga kabihasnang mycenaean ay nakapagtatag ng pamayanan sa mga bayan ng KALAKHANG GREECE
Ang mga mycenaean ay higit na nakilala dahil sa kanilang partisipasyon sa TROJAN WAR na naganap noon 1250BCE|
Ang tunggalin ng mycenaean sa Trojan War ay maaaring nag-ugat sa KOMPETISYONG PANG-EKONOMIKO sa pagitan ng mycenae at troy
PANANAW NG PANITIKAN - ang sanhi ng digmaang ginawang pagdukot ni Paris, Prinsipe ng Troy
POLIS - sentro ng buhay ng mga greej
ACROPOLIS - sentro ng polis at mataas na lungsod (safehouse)
Ang polis ay may saklaw na ISANG LUNGSOD
ECCLESIA - isang asembleya kung saan pinag-uusapan at nagpapasya sa mga kaganapan sa PULISYA sa pamamagitan ng PAGBOBOTO
KARAPATANG POLITIKAL makilahok sa pagpapasiya sa anumang bagay na nakakaapekto sa kanila
BUMOTO - ang pinunong may pananagutang ipatupad ang mga patakarang napagkasunduan
IBOTO - maihalal bilang isang pinuno
Ang mga Griyego ay POLITEISTIKO
Ang edukasyon sa Athens ay nagtuturo mula edad na 7 Y/O
OLYMPICS - tinatawag na panhellenic games na binubukluring ang mga polis sa loob ng LIMANG ARAW
Ang olympics at ginanap tuwing PANAHON NG KAPAYAPAAN
Ang pagkamamamayan ay ipinagkakaloob lamang sa mga kalalakihang 18 Y/O PATAAS, MAY ARI-ARIAN(PROPERTY), at IPINANGANAK SA ATHENS
Nagsimula ng sakupin ng mga PERSIANS ang Ionia
Nagwagi ang mga athenian sa LABANAN SA SALAMIS noong 480 bce sa pamumuno ni THEMISTOCLES
KINGDOM - the largest unit of classification
Ang edukasyon sa sparta ay nakasentro sa PAGSASANAY MILITAR
Sa edukasyon sa sparta, ang batang lalaki ay kailangang sumailalim sa pagsasanay sa militar sa edad na PITONG TAON
Ang edukasyon sa sparta ay pinapahalagahan ng KATAWAN, DISIPLINA, at OBLIGASYON
Ang athens ang tagapagtaguyod ng DEMOKRASYA
Sina draco, solon, cleisthenes, at pericles ay nagsilbing mga ARCHON
ARCHONS - mambabatas ng Athens
DRACO - unang bumuo ng kodigo ng batas para sa athens
SOLON - winakasan ang pagiging alipin dahil sa pagkakautang at inorgisa ang lipunan sa 4 ANTAS NG BATAY SA YAMAN
CLEISTHENES (ama ng demoakrasya) - pinabagsak ang mga nobelang pamilya at itinatag ang kauna-unahan demokrasya sa daigdig
PERICLES - itinaguyod ang demokrasya at ang ideyal na pagkamamamayan sa athens
Si PERICLES nagpatayo ng magagarang gusali at namumulaklak na sining
Si CLEISTHENES ang nagsulong ng mga repormang nagbigay ng dagdag kapangyarihan sa ecclesia
Ang demokrasya ay pinaunlad ni DRACO, SOLON, CLEISTHENES, at PERICLES
DEMOKRASYA - uri ng pamahalaan kung saan ang kapangyarihan ay nagmumula sa mamamayan
What does Newton's First Law state?
An object remains at rest or in motion unless acted upon
What force causes a book to stop sliding on a table?
The force of friction
In what year did Newton publish his famous book?
1687
What is Newton famous for discovering?
The law of gravity
Why don’t moving objects keep moving forever?
Unbalanced forces usually act on them
What are the three laws of Newton?
First Law: Law of Inertia
Second Law: Law of Acceleration (F = ma)
Third Law: Law of Interaction
Who is Sir Isaac Newton?
An English scientist and mathematician
What does F = ma imply about force?
Force depends on mass and acceleration
Why does a bug not affect a car's motion significantly?
The bug has very little inertia
What does Newton's Third Law state?
For every action, there is an equal reaction
What does acceleration measure?
Rate of change in velocity
What happens when you push against a wall while on a skateboard?
You slide away from the wall
Define inertia, acceleration, velocity, and force.
Inertia: Resistance to changes in motion
Acceleration: Change in velocity over time
Velocity: Rate of change of displacement
Force: Strength or energy applied
What is the formula for Newton's Second Law?
F = ma
How does mass relate to inertia?
More mass means more inertia
What are Newton's Laws of Motion?
They describe the motion of all objects
What happens in a tug of war when both teams exert equal force?
No change of motion occurs
What is another name for Newton's First Law?
The Law of Inertia
What is meant by an unbalanced force?
Forces that are not equal and opposite
What force is needed to change a soccer ball's motion?
An unbalanced force from a kick
What happens when a locomotive pulls boxcars at rest?
A large force is needed to change their motion
What happens to a ball thrown upwards?
It slows down and falls due to gravity
What happens if you double both mass and acceleration?
Force quadruples
How can a small object have a great force?
If it has high acceleration
Why does stubbing your toe hurt?
The rock exerts an equal force back
What is the function of the Playback Control Toolbar?
Functions like CD or DVD player buttons
What is the Draw Tool used for?
Edits individual audio samples finely
What is the purpose of the Envelope Tool?
Adjusts volume levels over time
In what year was AUDACITY founded?
1999
What type of software is Audacity?
Free, open-source audio application
What is the function of Multi-Tool Mode?
Use multiple tools without switching
What does the Meter Toolbar show?
Input and output levels
What does the slide near the microphone icon in the Mixer Toolbar adjust?
Level of input on sound card
What do the numbers on top of the Track Window represent?
Timeline in seconds or fractions
Who founded AUDACITY?
Dominic Mazzoni and Roger Dannenberg
What information does the Selection Toolbar provide?
Sample rate and selection details
What does the Tools Toolbar contain?
Commands that work on audio files
What does the slide near the speaker icon in the Mixer Toolbar adjust?
Sound card's output volume
What does the Edit Toolbar contain?
Detailed commands for audio files
When was Audacity released?
The following year after its founding
What is the first step in importing and playing audio?
How to import and play audio
What does the Selection Tool do?
Selects portions of the audio track
What is the first step in saving an Audacity project?
How to save an Audacity project
What does the Track Window show?
Audio files called tracks
What is the first step in exiting Audacity?
How to exit Audacity
OUTLINE - is a tool for organizing ideas
DECIMAL OUTLINE - uses numbers as labels
ALPHANUMERIC OUTLINE - uses both letters and numbers as labels
TOPIC SENTENCE - is the key sentence from the paragraph that contains the main idea or what the paragraph is all about
Islam means SUBMISSION
Islam - a faith with teachings of the prophet MUHAMMAD
Islam - belief in one god ALLAH
Islam - holy book called the QUR'AN
Islam means submission - RESIGNATION TO THE WILL OF GOD
SULTAN OF MOROCCO has the importance of a pope
HIGHEST religious leader
DIRECT DESCENDANT of prophet Mohammed
During a moorish banquet, guests sit on CUSHIONS placed on LOW DIVANS
There are no UTENSILS and plates
The LEFT hand is left uncleaned
LARGE WHITE NAPKINS - lay on the knees, used to clean the lips but not used to clean the fingers}
The left hand is used to hold the BREAD only
The RIGHT HAND is used to get the food
The THUMB and TWO FINGERS are used to hold the food
The fingers should not touch the LIPS
In the moorish menu, the first house is a: PALE GREEN SOUP consisting of ALMONDS and FISH
The second course is a: MECHOUR
MECHOUR - whole roast lamb served intact
The fourth course is: PASTILLA
The last main course is: COUSCOUS
PASTILLA - prepared for 48 hours, stuffed with SHRIMPS, SWEETBREADS, TRIPES, OLIVES, LIVERS, CLAMS, and FRIED EGGS
COUSCOUS - rice meal for heavy eaters that is formed into MOUND with VEGEBTABLES, MUTTON, GRAPES, and NUTS
The last course is a: DESSERT (cake) STUFFED with DATES/SWEET ORANGES/TANGERINES
MINT TEA - universal drink of Northern Africa and is served at the beginning and end of the banquet
PORK is forbidden for Moslems
FISHES are not served in a banquet
Moorish marriage starts with a PROCESSION
Order of Procession MUSICIANS playing shrill pies and beating SMALL DRUMS like tambourine
BEARDED ELDERS of the bride's family enter supported by CANES
Woman dressed in RED AND WHITE-STRIPED CLOTH, bearing aloft LARGE GREEN and YELLOW CANDLES
EIGHT MEN carrying a paper box on long poles which contain the BRIDE
The third course is: ANOTHER ROAST LAMB SERVED WITH ANOTHER SAUCE (cut lambs)
Moslem moors do not practice COURTSHIP
The couple eat alone while the family wait OUTSIDE
The BRIDE and GROOM have never seen each other
The wife becomes a SLAVE and almost never goes out of the hosue
The FATHER of the groom arranges the marriage and the to be is between 13-15 YEARS OLD and they pay a DOWRY
During the engagement months, the woman is deliberately FATTENED
The moorish ideal of beauty in women is PLUMPNESS
A Moslem can have a maximum of FOUR LEGAL WIVES and can have many SLAVE CONCUBINES
Five Practices of Islam They recite a prayer: THERE IS NO GOD BUT ALLAH, AND MOHAMMED IS HIS PROPHET
They pray FIVE times a day
They give ALMS that are TEN PERCENT of their income to the poor
They keep the HOLY MONTH OF RAMADAN
They pilgrimage to MECCA at least once in their lifetime, and if done, a title HADJI is given and wears a distinctive TURBAN
An OUTLINE is a general plan of what you are going to write
What does "Sustainability to Type" refer to in the Six Canons of Painting?
Colors should be harmonious for the subject
What does a Chinese drum symbolize?
North, winter, water, and skin
How do local traditions and regional styles of Chinese music differ?
They differ in history, theory, instrumentation, and philosophy
What does "Transmission by Copying" mean in the Six Canons of Painting?
The painter should learn from the masters
What does "Correspondence to the object" mean in the Six Canons of Painting?
The painting should represent the object accurately
What does "Division and Planning" refer to in the Six Canons of Painting?
Composition should balance positive and negative space
What does "Bone Method" refer to in the Six Canons of Painting?
The use of brush and ink should be expressive
What does "Spirit Resonance" refer to in the Six Canons of Painting?
The artwork should capture essence and energy
What are the Six Canons of Painting?
Spirit Resonance or Vitality
Bone Method or the way of using the brush
Correspondence to the object or the depiction of form
Sustainability to Type or Application of Color
Division and Planning
Transmission by Copying
What is silk painting considered as?
A luxury part of Chinese arts
What materials are used in calligraphy?
Ink, paint, or watercolor on paper
What is calligraphy considered as?
The art of beautiful handwriting
How do Chinese landscapes often combine art forms?
Painting and writing (calligraphy)
What are the three major components of landscape painting?
Nature, heaven, humankind
What is the quintessential form of Chinese painting?
Landscape painting
When did Chinese painting start?
In the prehistoric era
What is the usual subject of Chinese paintings during the prehistoric era?
Hunting scenes of humans
What is the basis of Chinese vocal music?
Levels of pitch recognizing spoken words
What is the significance of Chinese music?
It has ancient traditional cultural practices
What does the Yu represent?
A tiger-like animal resting on a sounding box
What is the function of Ching and Chap?
They signal entrances and endings of compositions
How many bamboo pipes does the Sheng have?
12 to 26 bamboo pipes
What is the Pipa?
A four-stringed instrument with thirty frets
What is the Sheng?
One of the oldest Chinese instruments
How are Chinese musical instruments categorized?
By the materials used
What is the historical significance of the Guqin?
It has over 3000 years of history
Who mastered the Guqin?
Confucius
What sound does the Erhu produce?
A melancholic sound
How many octaves can the Zheng cover?
Three to four octaves
What is the Suona?
A blowing instrument like a horn
What is the Erhu?
A two-string, violin-like instrument
What is the term used for musical notes in Chinese?
They are called "lus"
What scale is mainly used in Chinese music?
The pentatonic scale
What type of music is the Xiao played to accompany?
Long, quiet, and sentimental music
What is the Xiao?
A vertical end-blown flute made of bamboo
What unique feature does the Dizi have?
One hole covered with a membrane
What is the Dizi?
A bamboo side-blown flute
What is the Guzheng?
An instrument with 18 to 23 strings
What is the Guqin?
A seven-string zither without bridges
What is the Zheng?
An ancient instrument with 13 to 21 strings
How can Chinese instruments be played?
Solo, ensemble, or large orchestra
What does a Chinese bell symbolize?
West, autumn, humidity, and metal
What are the five notes in the Chinese pentatonic scale?
Kung, shang, chiao, chih, and yu
What are the eight categories of materials used for Chinese instruments?
Bamboo, wood, silk, gourd, stone, metal, skin, clay
BIODIVERSITY - variety of life
ENDEMIC - native/restrictive on a certain area
What are the seven characteristics that define life?
Order
Response to stimuli
Reproduction
Adaptation
Growth and development
Homeostasis
Energy processing
CLASSIFICATION - arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities
TAXONOMY - study that deals with the groups or names of organisms
Organisms are grouped by their SHARED CHARACTERISTICS
IDENTIFICATION - the placing of new organisms in previoualy described groups
NOMENCLATURE - naming of organisms
ALPHA TAXONOMY - species descriptio, taxonomic keys, diagnoeses
BETA TAXONOMY - includes identification of natural groups and biological classes
GAMMA TAXONOMY - includes study of evolutionary processes and patterns
MODERN BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION - developed hierarchy or a ranking system
HIERARCHIAL SYSTEM - used for classifying organisms to species level
A named group with hierarchy is called TAXA
Why is reproduction necessary for organisms?
To ensure population survival and cell replacement
What happens during cellular reproduction?
Genetic material is duplicated and divided
Why is it difficult to define life?
Some entities exhibit life characteristics but lack others
What can happen to finches with intermediate beak sizes?
They may decline in number due to limited food access
What is homeostasis?
The ability to maintain constant internal conditions
What is the process of metamorphosis in butterflies?
Stages from egg to larva, pupa, and adult
What are the levels of organization in living things?
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Why are viruses often not considered living?
They are not made of cells and can't reproduce independently
What is the role of tissues in multicellular organisms?
Groups of similar cells performing the same function
What is the relationship between organs and tissues?
Organs are collections of tissues with a common function
Organisms need to regulate internal conditions to ensure proper FUNCTIONING OF CELLS
A positive response in organisms is response towards a STIMULUS
Multicellular organisms achieve specialization by ORGANIZATION OF DIFFERENT CELL GROUPS
Reproduction is important in organisms because it ensures population survival and cell replacement
Finches with intermediate beak sizes may decline in number due to LIMITED FOOD access
HOMEOSTASIS - the ability to maintain constant internal conditions
The process of metamorphosis in butterflies: EGG - LARVA - PUPA - ADULT
PHOTOSYNTHESIS - the process of converting light energy into chemical energy
The role of energy in organisms is that it drives METABOLIC ACTIVITY
The primary focus of biology is the science that studies LIFE
The DNA's role in organisms - contains GENETIC MATERIAL and information for maintaing HOMEOSTASIS
AUTOTROPHS - organisms that can make their own chemical energy
HETEROTROPHS - organisms that obtain energy by consuming others
ATOM - smallest unit of matter
Level of Organization: Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organs
Organ System
Organism
MACROMOLECULE - larger molecules formed by smaller molecules
Viruses aren't considered living because they aren't made up of cells and can't reproduce independently
Single-celled organisms are referred to as MICROORGANISMS
ORGAN SYSTEM - groups of functionally related organisms
Multicellular organisms differ from single-celled organisms because they consist of different SPECIALIZED CELLS
Cells contribute to the organization of multi-cellular organisms because they combine to form TISSUES with specific functions
TISSUES - groups of similar cells performing the same functions
ORGANS - collections of tissues with a common function
Adaptation improves an individual's ability to REPRODUCE
It is difficult to define life because some entities exhibit life characteristics but lack others
During cellular reproduction, GENETIC MATERIALS are duplicated and divded
VIROLOGY - branch of biology that studies viruses
4 questions that biology has wrestled with: properties of life
functions
classification
diversity origin
7 characteristics that define life: order
response to stimuli
reproduction
adaptation
growth and development
homeostasis
energy processing
SWEAT GLANDS play a role in humans by maintaining constant body temperature
ADAPTATION - a fit to the environment through evolution
CHEMOTAXIS - the term for bacteria moving towards chemicals
What percentage of an atom's volume is empty space?
Greater than 99 percent
What is the process of cell division mentioned in the text?
Mitosis
What does the Bohr model describe?
An atom with a central nucleus and orbiting electrons
What is the maximum number of electrons in the innermost shell?
Two electrons
How do chlorine and sodium differ in their outer shells?
Chlorine has seven, sodium has one
What does a chemical equation represent?
The direction of a chemical reaction
What are the four questions biology has wrestled with?
Properties of life, function, classification, diversity origin
What is the term for bacteria moving toward chemicals?
Chemotaxis
What role do sweat glands play in humans?
They help maintain constant body temperature
What is the primary focus of biology?
The science that studies life
What is the role of energy in organisms?
To drive metabolic activities
What is DNA's role in organisms?
Contains instructions for maintaining homeostasis
What is the function of organ systems?
Groups of functionally related organs
How do cells contribute to the organization of multicellular organisms?
Cells combine to form tissues with specific functions
What is an organism?
An individual living entity
What is a positive response in organisms?
Movement toward a stimulus
What branch of biology studies viruses?
Virology
What is adaptation in biology?
A fit to the environment through evolution
How do adaptations enhance survival?
They improve an individual's ability to reproduce
What is a community in biology?
A set of populations in a particular area
What does an ecosystem consist of?
Living things and abiotic parts of the environment
What is an example of an organ system in vertebrates?
Circulatory system
What is the highest level of biological organization?
The biosphere
What is a macromolecule?
A large molecule formed by smaller molecules
How do multicellular organisms achieve specialization?
Through the organization of different cell groups
What occurs during speciation events?
Individuals evolve independently and can't interbreed
What are single-celled organisms referred to as?
Microorganisms
What is photosynthesis?
A process that converts light energy into chemical energy
What are autotrophs?
Organisms that make their own chemical energy
What is the smallest unit of matter?
Atom
How do multicellular organisms differ from single-celled organisms?
They consist of multiple specialized cells
What are heterotrophs?
Organisms that obtain energy by consuming others
Why do organisms need to regulate internal conditions?
To ensure proper functioning of cells
How do polar bears maintain body temperature?
Through thick fur and fat layers
How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ?
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus, eukaryotes have one
What is a population in biological terms?
All individuals living in a specific area
What is microbiology the study of?
Microorganisms' structure and function
How can different populations coexist?
They can live in the same area
What does biology examine?
All aspects of life from atoms to ecosystems
How does the study of biology relate to understanding life on Earth?
It provides insights into the diversity and functions of life
How many levels are in the current taxonomic hierarchy?
Eight levels
What system transports blood throughout the body?
The circulatory system
What are single-celled prokaryotes and eukaryotes commonly referred to as?
Microorganisms
Who proposed the hierarchical taxonomy of living organisms?
Carl Linnaeus
What does evolution explain about species?
How new species arise from older species
What are the three domains of life?
Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria
What is a phylogenetic tree?
A diagram showing evolutionary relationships
What defines an organism?
An individual living entity
What is the significance of microorganisms?
They are single-celled organisms
What organs are included in the circulatory system?
The heart and blood vessels
What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
A theory is a thoroughly tested hypothesis
Who conducted pioneering research on the phylogenetic tree?
Carl Woese
What distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles
What does biology examine from an atom to the entire Earth?
All aspects of life
What does molecular biology study?
Biological processes at the molecular level
What is forensic science?
Application of science to legal questions
What do biotechnologists do?
Create useful products using biology
What do ecologists study?
Interactions of organisms in environments
What are the branches of biological study mentioned?
Molecular biology
Microbiology
Paleontology
Zoology
Botany
Ecology
What are scientific laws often expressed in?
Mathematical formulas
What is the source of biological diversity on Earth?
Evolution
What has increased interest in forensic science?
Popular television shows
What types of courses are required for forensic science careers?
Chemistry, biology, and math courses
What do forensic scientists analyze?
Samples related to crimes
What are the eight levels of taxonomic hierarchy?
Species
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
What is the definition of a biosphere?
A collection of all ecosystems on Earth
What is the smallest unit of biological structure that meets the functional requirements of living?
The cell
How does evolution contribute to species diversity?
It leads to genetic changes in populations
What are the key properties shared by all living organisms?
Order, response to stimuli, reproduction, adaptation, growth, homeostasis, energy processing
What is the role of forensic scientists?
Provide scientific evidence for courts
Analyze trace materials from crimes
What are the key properties of life?
Order
Response to stimuli
Reproduction
Adaptation
Growth and development
Homeostasis
Energy processing
What is the process of science in biology?
Observation
Record keeping
Logical reasoning
Experimentation
Scrutiny of conclusions
What are the practical implications of biology?
Prevention of disease
Technological advancements
Understanding ecosystems
What is the significance of the phylogenetic tree?
Shows evolutionary relationships
Based on genetic or physical traits
What is the impact of molecular techniques in forensic science?
Updated analysis methods
Establishment of DNA databases
What are the implications of studying paleontology?
Understanding life’s history
Insights into evolution and extinction
What are the three domains of life and their characteristics?
Eukarya: organisms with nuclei
Archaea: extremophiles, prokaryotic
Bacteria: common prokaryotic organisms
What is the relationship between evolution and speciation?
Evolution leads to genetic changes
Speciation occurs when interbreeding stops
What is the relationship between biology and technology?
Biology informs technological advancements
Technology aids biological research
What is the significance of Carl Woese's research?
Established three domains of life
Used genetic relationships for classification
What is the importance of studying ecology?
Understanding organism interactions
Insights into environmental health
What is the role of physiologists in biology?
Study workings of cells and organs
Understand physiological processes
What is the significance of studying molecular biology?
Understanding molecular interactions
Insights into genetic functions
What are the applications of biology in technology?
Development of medical treatments
Innovations in agriculture
What is a key requirement of science regarding conclusions?
Submissions must undergo scrutiny by others
What are the implications of scientific discoveries in biology?
Transform human existence
Address global challenges
How is a well-designed experiment often described?
As elegant or beautiful
What are significant practical implications of science?
Prevention of disease
What does a hypothesis lead to?
Predictions about outcomes
What motivates some types of science?
Curiosity
How has science transformed human existence?
By providing knowledge and applications
What is the scientific method?
A method of research with defined steps
How can science be defined?
Knowledge about the natural world
What is a hypothesis?
A suggested explanation for a question
What is a scientific theory?
A confirmed explanation for observations
What are the two methods of logical thinking in science?
Inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning
How do descriptive and hypothesis-based science relate?
They often combine in scientific endeavors
What is the control group in the algae growth experiment?
Ponds treated with salt
What is the dependent variable in an experiment?
The variable observed and measured
In the algae growth experiment, what is the independent variable?
Phosphate availability
What does applied science aim to do?
Use science to solve real-world problems
What must happen to DNA before cell division?
New copies must be made
What charge does a proton have?
Positive charge
What should a good hypothesis be like?
Clear and concise
What is DNA's role in living organisms?
Provides instructions necessary for life
What do life sciences study?
Living things, including biology
What is the independent variable in an experiment?
The variable altered by the researcher
What is inductive reasoning?
Using observations to reach a general conclusion
What is deductive reasoning?
Using general principles to predict specific results
Why must a hypothesis be testable?
To ensure its validity
What happens if the experimental ponds show more algae growth?
Support for the hypothesis is found
What do physical sciences study?
Nonliving matter, including physics and chemistry
What is the ultimate goal of all forms of science?
To obtain knowledge
What type of data can observations yield?
Qualitative or quantitative data
What is the purpose of a control group?
To provide a basis of comparison
What does rejecting a hypothesis imply?
It eliminates one invalid hypothesis
How does the scientific method operate?
It is not rigid and can evolve
What does it mean for a hypothesis to be falsifiable?
It can be proven incorrect by data
Who usually defines the problem in applied science?
The researcher defines the problem
What are the types of variables in an experiment?
Independent, dependent, and standardized variables
What is pseudoscience?
Claims presented as scientific fact without evaluation
What are standardized variables?
Variables kept consistent among test groups
What is the difference between basic science and applied science?
Basic science seeks knowledge; applied science solves problems
What are the four elements common to all living organisms?
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
What do natural sciences study?
The physical world and its phenomena
What is the first step in the scientific method?
Making an observation
What is the scientific method?
A method of research with defined steps
Why should caution be used with non-peer-reviewed studies?
They may not be reliable or valid
What is the goal of basic science?
To expand knowledge for its own sake
What are the two regions of an atom?
Nucleus and outermost region
What must be standardized in the algae growth experiment?
Temperature and pH of the water
What does DNA provide for living organisms?
Instructions necessary for life
What is the smallest unit of matter that retains chemical properties?
An atom
How can basic and applied science work together?
Basic discoveries can lead to applied techniques
What significant discovery is mentioned in relation to basic and applied science?
The discovery of DNA structure
What particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?
Protons and neutrons
What is the immediate goal of basic science?
Knowledge for knowledge's sake
How does applied science differ from basic science?
Applied science aims to solve real-world problems
Which fields are considered natural sciences?
Astronomy, biology, chemistry, earth science, physics
What is an example of applied science?
Improving crop yield
Why is understanding DNA replication important for scientists?
It enables the development of genetic identification techniques
What is the mass of protons and neutrons approximately?
About <latex>1.67 \times 10^{-24} \text{ grams}</latex>
What is the role of peer-reviewed articles in scientific research?
They ensure research is original and significant
What are the characteristics of a scientific theory?
Well-tested explanation
Consistently verified
Universally accepted by the scientific community
What are the differences between basic and applied science?
Basic science: Knowledge for knowledge's sake
Applied science: Solving real-world problems
What is the difference between a hypothesis and a scientific theory?
A hypothesis is testable; a theory is well-tested
What are trace elements and their importance?
Required in small amounts
Essential for various bodily functions
Example: Iodine for thyroid hormone
What is the significance of peer review in scientific research?
Ensures research quality
Validates originality and significance
Involves evaluation by qualified peers
What is the role of the internet in scientific research?
Provides access to data and information
Facilitates global sharing of knowledge
Important to evaluate the validity of online information
What is a prediction in the context of a hypothesis?
It describes expected outcomes if the hypothesis is correct
What are the main components of an atom?
Nucleus (protons and neutrons)
Electrons (orbiting the nucleus)
What is the significance of the four main elements in living organisms?
Essential for biological processes
Form the basis of biomolecules
What are the key components of the scientific method?
Observation
Hypothesis formulation
Experimentation
Data analysis
Conclusion
Communication of results
What is the definition of matter?
Any substance that occupies space and has mass
How do elements interact to form molecules of life?
Atoms bond through chemical reactions
Form carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?
Qualitative: Descriptive data
Quantitative: Numerical data
What are the implications of trace element deficiencies?
Can lead to homeostatic imbalances
Affect bodily functions and health
What is a gold coin primarily made of?
A large number of gold atoms
What is the role of calcium in the human body?
Strengthens bones
Aids in cell division and muscle contraction
What are impurities in a gold coin?
Small amounts of other elements
Can gold atoms be broken down while retaining gold properties?
No, they cannot be broken down
What are the two regions of an atom?
The nucleus and outermost region
What particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?
Protons and neutrons
What particles orbit around the nucleus?
Electrons
What charge does a neutron have?
No charge
How many protons and electrons do most hydrogen atoms contain?
One proton and one electron
What is the mass of protons and neutrons?
About <latex>1.67 \times 10^{-24}</latex> grams
How do protons and neutrons differ?
In their electrical charge
What is defined as one atomic mass unit (amu)?
The mass of a proton or neutron
Why are electrons ignored in atomic mass calculations?
They do not significantly contribute to mass
How does the number of neutrons affect an atom?
It contributes to its mass
What is the mass of an electron?
About <latex>9.11 \times 10^{-28}</latex> grams
What is the relationship between protons and electrons in neutral atoms?
They are equal in number
What are isotopes?
Atoms of the same element with different neutrons
What is carbon dating used for?
Aging dead organisms or objects
What is radioembolization?
A procedure using radioactive seeds
How do electrons fill orbitals according to the Bohr model?
From closest to farthest from the nucleus
How are molecules formed?
By chemically bonding two or more atoms
How does a PET scan work?
It shows glucose uptake in tissues
What does reactivity refer to in elements?
The ability to bond with other elements
What happens to the charge of an atom when protons and electrons are equal?
The atom has no charge
What is the mass number of Carbon-12?
12
What is the significance of a full outer shell?
It indicates stability and non-reactivity
What is the octet rule?
Atoms are stable with eight electrons
What are the characteristics of protons, neutrons, and electrons?
Protons: + charge, 1 amu, nucleus
Neutrons: 0 charge, 1 amu, nucleus
Electrons: - charge, 0 amu, orbitals
What happens when atoms form chemical bonds?
Molecules are created
What is the difference between stable and radioactive isotopes?
Radioactive isotopes lose particles or energy
Why do solid objects not pass through one another despite empty space in atoms?
Due to repulsion of electrons
What is the role of interventional radiologists?
They use radiation for disease treatment
What does the periodic table display?
Elements organized by atomic number
What are the differences between molecules and chemical compounds?
Molecules: Two or more neutral atoms
Chemical compounds: Different types of atoms
What is the half-life of Carbon-14?
Approximately 5,730 years
Who created the periodic table?
Dmitri Mendeleev
What determines an atom's reactivity?
The number of electrons in the outer shell
What is the maximum number of electrons in the second shell?
Eight electrons
What does an atom's reactivity depend on?
Its need for a full valence shell
How do electrons distribute themselves around the nucleus?
They do not circle like planets
How many electrons does chlorine have in its outer shell?
Seven electrons
What determines an element's atomic number?
The number of protons
How does the atomic number of hydrogen compare to helium?
Hydrogen has atomic number 1, helium 2
What are the key features of the Bohr model?
Central nucleus with protons and neutrons
Electrons orbit at specific distances
Energy levels designated by "n"
What governs an atom's reactivity?
Its need for energetic stability
How many electrons does sodium have in its outer shell?
One electron
Why are chlorine and sodium more likely to react?
They are unstable with incomplete outer shells
What is a full valence shell's significance?
It indicates the most stable configuration
What do Group 18 elements have in common?
They have a full outer shell
What do partially filled valence shells lead to?
Gaining or losing electrons
What do Bohr diagrams illustrate?
Electron distribution in principal shells
How do electrons distribute themselves around the nucleus?
In electron orbitals, not circular paths
What is an orbital?
Area where an electron is likely found
What is matter?
Anything that occupies space and has mass
What are atoms made of?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
How many neutrons does potassium-39 have?
Twenty neutrons
How many neutrons does potassium-40 have?
Twenty-one neutrons
What retains the properties of an element?
Atoms, the smallest units of an element
What is true of a neutral magnesium atom?
It has 12 protons and 12 electrons
How many electrons does oxygen need to be stable?
Two electrons
How many neutrons does an isotope of sodium with atomic mass 22 have?
11 neutrons
What are protons, neutrons, and electrons?
Subatomic particles that make up an atom
Where are protons and neutrons found?
In the nucleus of an atom
What is the atomic number?
The number of protons in an atom
What is a compound?
Atoms held together by chemical bonds
What is the definition of molecules?
Two or more neutral atoms bonded together
What is the mass number?
Protons plus neutrons in an atom
What is the definition of a valence shell?
The outermost electron shell
How are chemical bonds formed?
By interactions between atoms
What is the nucleus of an atom?
The dense center made of protons and neutrons
What is the octet rule?
Atoms are most stable with full outer shells
What happens when atoms form chemical bonds?
They obtain electrons for stability
What is a chemical reaction?
When atoms bond or break apart
What is a molecule?
Formed when atoms bond together
What are products in a chemical reaction?
Substances at the end of the reaction
What are reactants in a chemical reaction?
Substances used at the beginning
What happens when hydrogen peroxide breaks down?
It forms water and oxygen molecules
What are reversible reactions?
Reactions that can go in either direction
What are polar covalent bonds?
Bonds with unequal electron sharing
What are anions?
Negative ions formed by gaining electrons
What is the significance of the shared electrons in methane?
They create stable outer shells for atoms
What is the result of unequal electron sharing in polar covalent bonds?
Partial charges on the atoms
What happens when two atoms have similar electronegativities?
They share electrons equally, minimizing charges.
What type of bond is formed in methane (CH4)?
Nonpolar covalent bond.
What is a cation?
A positive ion formed by losing electrons.
What type of bond exists between hydrogen and oxygen in water?
Polar covalent bond.
What are hydrogen bonds?
Weak bonds between slightly charged atoms.
What happens to hydrogen bonds when water evaporates?
More bonds are broken than formed.
What is the significance of hydrogen bonds in water?
They give water unique properties essential for life.
How does sweating help maintain temperature homeostasis?
It cools the body by evaporating water.
What types of bonds can form between atoms?
Ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.
Why does ice float on water?
Ice is less dense than liquid water.
What are the smallest units of an element?
Atoms.
What is an anion?
A negative ion formed by gaining electrons.
What occurs during a chemical reaction?
Atoms bond to form or break molecules.
What are nonpolar covalent bonds?
Bonds with equal electron sharing
What does the law of conservation of matter state?
Atoms cannot be created or destroyed
What is the chemical equation for water formation?
2H + O → H2O
What happens when sodium loses an electron?
It becomes a sodium ion with +1 charge
What are ionic bonds?
Bonds formed by electron transfer
What is the role of covalent bonds in living organisms?
They form strong connections between atoms
What is electronegativity?
Atom's ability to attract shared electrons
How do carbon and hydrogen compare in terms of electronegativity?
They have different electronegativities but are similar.
What is a covalent bond?
Bond formed by sharing electron pairs
What is the difference between a compound and a molecule?
Compounds have different types of atoms
What happens to the electrons in a polar covalent bond?
They spend more time near one nucleus
What are cations?
Positive ions formed by losing electrons
What is the result of sodium donating an electron to chlorine?
Both satisfy the octet rule
What is equilibrium in chemical reactions?
A balance between reactants and products
What is electron transfer?
The movement of electrons between elements
How do hydrogen and oxygen atoms bond in water?
By sharing electrons through covalent bonds
What results from the unequal distribution of electrons in a polar covalent bond?
Partial positive and negative charges develop.
What are products in a chemical reaction?
Substances formed at the end of a reaction.
What happens when two atoms have similar electronegativities?
They share electrons equally
Why does the oxygen atom in water have a slight negative charge?
It attracts shared electrons more strongly.
What is the role of electronegativity in forming partial charges?
Higher electronegativity leads to stronger attraction of electrons.
What is hydrogen peroxide's chemical formula?
H2O2
How do the charges of hydrogen and oxygen in water affect molecular interactions?
They allow hydrogen bonds to form.
What are molecules in the context of chemical reactions?
Reactants and products of reactions
What is electronegativity?
It's an atom's ability to attract shared electrons.
What characterizes a polar covalent bond?
Electrons spend more time near one nucleus.
What is an ion?
An atom with a net charge
What happens to water molecules when they freeze?
They form a rigid, lattice-like structure.
What does a chemical formula represent?
It shows the types and numbers of atoms.
What happens when chlorine gains an electron?
It becomes a chloride ion with -1 charge
Why are hydrogen bonds important for water's properties?
They allow water to maintain its unique properties.
What is the ionic compound formed from sodium and chlorine?
NaCl, table salt
What is the strength of covalent bonds attributed to?
Large amounts of energy required to break
What is the bond in methane (CH4)?
Nonpolar covalent bonds between carbon and hydrogen
What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?
Polar bonds have unequal sharing; nonpolar have equal
What is a balanced chemical equation?
Same number of atoms on both sides
What does a full outer shell indicate about an atom's electron needs?
It needs one additional electron.
How do hydrogen bonds contribute to the survival of aquatic life in winter?
They insulate water beneath the ice layer.
What is the process of evaporation in water?
Release of individual water molecules from the surface.
What happens to water molecules as temperatures drop?
They form a rigid, lattice-like structure.
How does the structure of ice differ from liquid water?
Ice has spaced-out molecules, making it less dense.
What is the role of hydrogen bonds in water's unique properties?
They contribute to water's ability to sustain life.
Why is water essential for life?
It is abundant and critical for biological processes.
What is a chemical bond?
An interaction that forms molecules.
What is a covalent bond?
A strong bond formed by sharing electrons.
How do hydrogen bonds affect temperature stability in water?
They allow water to absorb heat slowly.
What type of bonds form between hydrogen and oxygen in water?
Polar covalent bonds.
How do water molecules interact with each other?
They attract each other due to charges.
How does the unique structure of ice benefit aquatic ecosystems?
It insulates water below, protecting life.
What is a compound?
Made of different types of atoms held by bonds.
What is a hydrophilic substance?
A substance that dissolves readily in water.
Why do scientists search for water on other planets?
Water is essential to life.
What is the significance of hydrogen bonds in DNA structure?
They hold the two strands of DNA together.
What are the key differences between ionic and covalent bonds?
Ionic bonds form between oppositely charged ions.
Covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons.
Ionic bonds are generally stronger than covalent bonds.
What is the definition of electronegativity?
Ability to attract shared electrons to nucleus.
How do hydrogen bonds affect temperature changes in water?
They allow water to absorb heat slowly.
What is the overall charge of a water molecule?
There is no overall charge.
What percentage of the human body is made up of water?
Approximately 60–70 percent.
What happens to water molecules when they freeze?
They form a rigid structure and space out.
What is the lattice-like structure of ice?
A rigid arrangement of water molecules.
How do hydrogen bonds affect protein structure?
They help proteins fold into three-dimensional shapes.
What is an ionic bond?
A bond between oppositely charged ions.
What are phospholipids?
Major components of cell membranes with dual regions.
Why does ice float on water?
Ice is less dense than liquid water.
How does sweating cool the body?
Evaporation of sweat takes heat away.
What is a hydrophobic substance?
A substance that does not dissolve well in water.
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
Electrons are shared equally, no charges form.
What is a polar covalent bond?
Electrons are pulled toward one atom, creating charges.
What are reactants in a chemical reaction?
Substances used at the beginning of a reaction.
How do hydrogen bonds protect aquatic life in winter?
They insulate water beneath the ice layer.
What roles do hydrogen bonds play in biological molecules?
Hold DNA strands together
Help proteins fold into shapes
Contribute to water's unique properties
What are the unique properties of water due to hydrogen bonds?
High heat capacity
Cohesion and adhesion
Lower density as ice
Solvent for polar substances
What is the significance of water in biological systems?
Essential for life processes
Moderates temperature changes
Solvent for biochemical reactions
What is thermoregulation?
Regulating body temperature
What does God's love afford us?
Reconciliation and salvation
What year coincides with the Eucharist celebration?
Year of Mercy
What is the Eucharist a memorial of?
Christ Our Lord who is Mercy and love
What did Christ's death and rising conquer?
All evil
What does the Eucharist represent in terms of our relationship with God?
Thanksgiving and praise to God the Father
What does the term Eucharist derive from?
Greek word eucharistia
What did we begin last Sunday regarding the Eucharist?
Cical review about the Eucharist
What does eucharistia mean?
Thanksgiving
What do we offer in every celebration of the Eucharist?
A sacrifice of praise in Thanksgiving
What should we do every time we attend Mass?
Thank and praise the father for his love
What do we say in the Eucharistic prayer regarding creation?
Blessed are you Lord God of all creation
Why are we moved to Thanksgiving during the Eucharist?
We remember the sacrifice of Love
How does the Eucharist relate to the themes of mercy and family?
It celebrates God's love and mercy for families
What is poured into our hearts according to the text?
God's love
What is the formula for offering praise and thanksgiving to the father?
Through him, with him, and in him
What does the letter to the Hebrews say about creation?
All of creation had been consecrated
Who is praised in the Eucharistic prayer?
God Almighty Father
What do we receive through the bread offered in the Eucharist?
The bread of life
What has been transformed into Jesus's gift of love?
The Earth, bread, wine, human labor, and time
What did Jesus do through his sacrifice according to St. Paul?
Reconciled all things to himself
What character of the Eucharist should we remember to participate better?
It is a celebration of praise and thanksgiving to God
It represents God's love and mercy
It involves the sacrifice of Christ
Why is the sacrifice offered at Mass acceptable to the father?
Because of the sacrifice of the son
How does the catechism describe our relationship with the son during the Eucharist?
Unites all of us to his own person
How did Jesus make peace according to St. Paul?
By the blood of his cross
What does Pope Francis say about the Eucharist?
It is the Supreme Thanksgiving to the father
BURGEOISIE middle class
tipikal na aktibo sa iba’t ibang negosyo
Ang mga burgeoisie ay kasapi na rin sa pangkat na ito ang mga may kinalaman sa komersiyo, industriya, at mga propesiyonal tulad ng manggagamot, abogado, at bangkero.
How is the mass number calculated?
Mass of protons plus neutrons
What is formed when an atom loses or gains electrons?
An ion
What charge does a proton carry?
Positive charge
What is the atomic mass measured in?
Atomic mass units
What does the mass number represent?
Sum of protons and neutrons
What is the universe made up of?
Matter and energy
What cannot be broken down by chemical activity?
Elements
Who proposed the earliest concept of the atom?
Leucippus and Democritus
What is a molecule?
Combination of two or more atoms
What are the building blocks of everything in the universe?
Atoms
What is the smallest unit of an element?
Atom
What term did Democritus coin to describe the indivisibility of an atom?
Atomus
When did John Dalton propose the atomic theory?
1803
How did Dalton picture the atom?
As a solid indestructible sphere
What does Dalton's atomic theory state about atoms?
Atoms are small, invisible, and indivisible
What do atoms of the same element have in common?
They have the same properties
How do atoms of different elements differ?
In their properties
How do atoms combine to form compounds?
In whole number ratios
What happens to atoms in a chemical reaction?
They cannot be created nor destroyed
What fundamental laws in chemistry did Dalton's theory explain?
Conservation of mass, definite proportion, multiple proportions
Who discovered the electron in 1897?
Joseph John Thomson
What model did Thomson propose for the atom?
Plum pudding model
What did Thomson's discovery show about atoms?
Atoms are composed of subatomic particles
What did Rutherford discover in 1911?
The nucleus of the atom
What experiment did Rutherford use to discover the nucleus?
Alpha scattering experiment
Where are electrons found in Bohr's model?
Revolving around the nucleus
What did Rutherford's experiment reveal about alpha particles?
Most passed through, few were deflected
Who discovered the neutron?
James Chadwick
What is the charge of a neutron?
No net electrical charge
What happens to electrons when they absorb or release energy?
They move between energy levels
What did Erwin Schrödinger refine in Bohr's model?
Described electron positions with equations
What model did Niels Bohr propose for the atom?
Atomic model like the solar system
What is the atomic number of an element?
Number of protons in the nucleus
What is the quantum mechanical model of the atom?
Uses electron clouds for probable positions
What is the charge of an electron?
Negative charge
What are the two regions of an atom?
Nucleus and electron cloud
What particles are found in the nucleus?
Protons and neutrons
What is the lightest subatomic particle?
Electron
What is a cation?
A positive ion
How can you identify a neutral atom?
Equal number of protons and electrons
What disproved one of Dalton's postulates?
The presence of isotopes
What is ionization?
Process of losing or gaining electrons
What is an anion?
A negative ion
What are isotopes?
Atoms of the same element with different mass numbers
How do isotopes differ from each other?
In their mass numbers
What affects the chemical characteristics of an atom?
Number of electrons
What do isotopes of an element have in common?
Same number of electrons
How many isotopes does hydrogen have?
Three
What causes slight variations in isotopes' physical properties?
Small differences in their relative masses
What are the three known isotopes of hydrogen?
Protium, deuterium, tritium
What is the atomic mass of protium?
One atomic mass unit
What is the atomic mass of deuterium?
Two atomic mass units
What is the atomic mass of tritium?
Three atomic mass units
What is the atomic number of hydrogen?
One
What are the three subatomic particles in an atom?
Protons, electrons, and neutrons
Where are electrons located in an atom?
Outside the nucleus
What two numbers identify an atom?
Atomic number and mass number
What is the charge of a proton?
Positive charge
What is the charge of a neutron?
No net electrical charge
What does the atomic number indicate?
Number of protons in the nucleus
What does the mass number represent?
Sum of protons and neutrons
How do isotopes differ from each other?
In their mass numbers
What happens during ionization?
An atom loses or gains electrons
What is a cation?
A positive ion
What is an anion?
A negative ion
What are isotopes?
Atoms of the same element with different mass numbers
What disproved one of Dalton's postulates?
The presence of isotopes
What do isotopes of an element have in common?
Same number of electrons
What affects the chemical characteristics of an atom?
Number of electrons
What causes slight variations in isotopes' physical properties?
Small differences in their relative masses
How many isotopes does hydrogen have?
Three
Which nutrients are classified as macronutrients?
Protein, Carbohydrates, Fat
What is health defined as?
A state of complete well-being
How do nutrients contribute to health and wellness?
They lead to health and wellness
How is wellness different from health?
Wellness is the optimal state of health
What is the role of nutrients in food?
They provide energy and assist body functions
What are micronutrients needed for?
For production of enzymes, hormones, and proteins
What are the two categories of nutrients?
Macronutrients and Micronutrients
What is anabolism?
Synthesis of compounds needed by cells
What is the definition of food?
Any substance needed for life and growth
What are the main types of nutrients?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, Minerals, Water, Fiber
What are macronutrients needed for?
To create energy and fuel activities
What do nutrients do in the body?
Provide energy and assist body functions
What is catabolism?
Breakdown of molecules to obtain energy
What are the chemical reactions involved in maintaining life?
Anabolism: Synthesis of compounds
Catabolism: Breakdown of molecules for energy
How does one achieve a healthy lifestyle and diet?
By following nutritional guidelines and recommendations
What is the difference between health and wellness?
Health is well-being; wellness is optimal health