Chpt 5 CJS 3-10

Tithings: Collective groups of 10 families in medieval England pledging mutual aid and support.
Hue and Cry: A call for communal assistance in response to trouble or danger.
Hundred: A group of 100 families responsible for maintaining order and addressing minor offenses.
Shire Reeve: The chief law enforcement official in early England's counties, precursor to the modern sheriff.
Sheriff: The head law enforcement officer in a county.
Watch System: Groups formed in parishes to guard against disturbances and breaches of peace under the local constable's direction.
Constable: An appointed peacekeeper in early English towns; organized citizens for protection and supervised night watches.
Justice of the Peace: Official appointed to serve as the judicial officer in a county, often overseeing law enforcement activities.

Transition from tribal protection mechanisms to organized public law enforcement.
The pledge system required villagers to assist each other against threats.
Formation of tythings had a tythingman leading them, who would signal for help during incidents.
Grouping into hundreds with a hundredman acted as early police officers managing more serious legal breaches.
The shire reeve began apprehending law violators as representative of the Crown.

Established in the 13th century to maintain order in growing towns and cities.
Watchmen were tasked with nighttime patrols to prevent crime, reporting to constables.
The Justice of the Peace was created in 1326, expanding law enforcement into judicial roles and refining police-jury relationships.

Thief Takers emerged in the 18th century due to increasing crime rates, fulfilling law enforcement needs but often corrupt.
Thief takers engaged in activities such as extortion and blackmail, undermining justice systems.
Henry Fielding's Bow Street Runners (1748) improved policing structure and accountability, marking a shift from private interests to organized police forces.

The Metropolitan Police Act (1829) guided by Sir Robert Peel established the first organized police force in London.
Peel introduced nine principles of policing, emphasizing crime prevention and public cooperation.
The London police force, known as bobbies, became a model for future law enforcement agencies.

Modeled after British systems; sheriffs were primary police figures handling tax collection and public safety, lacking proactive measures like patrolling.
Town marshals and watchmen existed but had minimal respect, leading to ineffective law enforcement.
Vigilantes emerged to manage crime due to limited governmental resources, especially in rural areas.

The need for structured police forces grew during the 19th century due to urban unrest.
The Boston Police Department was the first official U.S. police department formed in 1838, followed by New York (1844) and Philadelphia (1854).
The police inherited many municipal responsibilities, including public health and sanitation initially.
Political control often compromised efficiency; corruption and brutality characterized early departments.

The late 19th century evaluation of police effectiveness led to reforms to professionalize policing.
Establishment of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) aimed at removing political influence and fostering administration and training improvements.
Wickersham Commission (1931) highlighted police corruption, inefficiency, and suggested numerous reforms for professionalism.
O. W. Vollmer's contributions to police education influenced modern policing standards.

1960s: Significant Supreme Court decisions impacted police procedures, amid rising civil unrest and crime rates.
1970s: Structural changes in police operations and increased focus on community relations were initiated; federal funds supported police education and training.
1980s: Emergence of community policing concepts and increased police power inversely affected civil rights awareness.
1990s: The Rodney King incident symbolized police brutality and spurred further calls for reform, influencing modern views on police-community relations.