Frames of Reference- Week 4

Week 4 Administrative Announcements

• Lecture & laboratory swap scheduled for Wed Aug 20.

• OT Case Study Paper- Due Sun Aug 31, 11:59 PM (Turnitin submission required).

• Exam 1- Date/Time : Wed Sept 3, 2:00 PM.

  • Duration : $1$ hour.

  • Format : $50$ multiple-choice questions.

  • Content window : material from Weeks $1$ – $7$.

  • Delivery platform : Edverum.

OT Case Study Paper — Complete Guidelines

General Concept

• Choose a "client" from any movie showing a client with an illness, injury, or disability.

• Observe the individual in different situations; analyze their needs using an OT perspective.

• Write a $5$ page analysis (not counting title & reference pages) linking a theoretical model + Frame of Reference (FOR) to the client’s specific needs.

• Include one reference based article

• Turn in submission turn it in

  • make sure to remove reference page

  • has to have similiarty score less than 25%

    • only allowed one attempt turnitin

  • attatch it as a screenshot at bottom of page after reference page (doesnot count towards 5 pages total)

Occupational Profile Components (OTPF-4 & AOTA Template)

• Occupations

• Client Factors

• Performance Skills

• Performance Patterns

• Contexts / Environments

Research Requirement

• Minimum $1$ peer-reviewed article published within the last $10$ years.

  • Summarize the study's methods & findings.

  • Show how it directly relates to OT intervention for the chosen client.

• Provide correct APA in-text citation & full reference entry.

Turnitin & APA Formatting

• Upload your paper to Turnitin without the reference page to minimize the similarity score.

• Attach a screenshot of the similarity report to your final submission.

• Follow strict APA guidelines for: font, margins, headings, page numbers, reference list.

Quality & Evaluation Criteria

• Use OTPF-4 language consistently & precisely.

• Writing mechanics: rich vocabulary, varied sentence structure, logical flow.

• Display of critical thinking: how client factors connect with occupational performance; original thinking in your analysis.

• Proofread thoroughly; minimize grammar/spelling errors.

Deadline Recap

• Firm cut-off: Sun Aug 31, 11:59 PM.

AI Assistance Policy (Course OT5010)

Permitted Uses

• Organize research materials & notes.

• Brainstorming, listing ideas, testing opposing viewpoints, any pre-writing work that will not be submitted for a grade.

Prohibited Uses (without explicit instructor consent)

• Drafting or revising graded written work.

• Generating arguments, thesis statements, or creative content for submission.

• Submitting any AI-generated text as one’s own.

Academic Integrity Statement

• Unapproved AI use = plagiarism.

• All submitted work must be student-generated (by individual or approved group).

• The same rule applies to hiring ghostwriters or companies.

OT Knowledge Architecture

• Hierarchy of theoretical constructs:

  • Philosophical Model → Paradigm → Conceptual Model → Occupation-Based Models → Practice Models → Frames of Reference (FORs).

Frames of Reference — Overview

• These define Practice Models which provide concrete guidelines for specific areas of practice.

• They address specific occupational areas or disabilities.

Master List of FORs Covered

1. Applied Behavioral (ABA)

2. Cognitive Behavioral (CBT)

3. Biomechanical & Rehabilitation

4. Toglia’s Dynamic Interactional Model

5. Allen’s Cognitive Disability Frame

6. Lifespan Developmental

7. Sensory Integration

8. Motor Control & Motor Learning

9. Psychodynamic

1 Applied Behavioral Frame of Reference

Historical Roots

• Pavlov – classical conditioning.

• Skinner – operant conditioning.

  • consequences shape behavior

    • negative and positive reinforcements

• Bandura – social learning theory.

• Originated in the 1930s-40s; introduced a scientific approach to studying human behavior.

Core Focus

• Focuses only on behaviors that can be seen & measured.

• Does not consider unconscious reasons for behavior.

• Emphasizes learning theory & behavior modification.

Key Concepts & Techniques

• Goal setting & objectives.

• Training, shaping, chaining of tasks.

• Modeling desired behaviors.

• External reinforcement (positive/negative).

• Rehearsal, practice, role-play.

• Systematic desensitization, biofeedback.

OT-Specific Examples

• Habit training / reversal.

• Token economies.

• Social-skills groups.

• Graded task progression.

• Contingency management.

2 Cognitive Behavioral Frame of Reference

Theoretical Lineage

• Bandura, Beck, Ellis expanded behaviorism to include cognition & emotion.

Holistic Focus

• Connects thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in a dynamic way: Thoughts ⇄ Emotions ⇄ Behaviors.

• Assumes individuals can control themselves and work towards goals.

Intervention Strategies

• Individual sessions: structured learning, self-control training.

• Group formats: modeling, interactive games, sharing personal experiences.

• Tools: 'cognitive reframing' (changing negative thoughts), thought records/journals, coping-skills lessons.

Multimedia Resources (lecture shared)

• "What is CBT?" explanatory video.

• CBT for chronic pain management demo.

3 Biomechanical & Rehabilitation Frames of Reference

Conceptual Split

• Biomechanical = remediation- restore and improve body fuctions to regain those skills

  • strength training, endurance training

• Rehabilitation = adaptation- to maximize independence,

  • ex: ALS, parkisons, progressive disorders

3A Biomechanical FOR

• Focus: Views the body like a machine, focusing on its parts (bottom-up approach-microskills then to occupation task).

• Assesses range of motion (ROM), strength, endurance, and balance/postural control.

3B Rehabilitation FOR: permanent

• Focus: Uses adaptive equipment/techniques, and changes to the environment.

• Combines physical & mental aspects of performance.

• Aim: achieve independence even with lasting impairments.

OT Video Illustrations

• Rehabilitative FOR overview (YouTube link provided in lecture).

• Hand-injury OT demonstration.

4 Toglia’s Dynamic Interactional Approach

Alternate Names

• Dynamic Model of Cognition.

Target Populations

• Primarily for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA); also adaptable for mental health & developmental cases.

Theoretical Underpinning

• Based on Dynamic Systems Theory — states that a person, occupation, and environment constantly interact in complex ways.

  • means everything is connected

Domains of Concern

• Orientation, attention, visual processing, motor planning, cognition, occupational behaviors, effort.

Intervention Toolkit

• Metacognitive methods: teaching clients to be aware of their own thinking (self-awareness) and to use self-directed strategies.

  • Memory notebooks, visual imagery.

  • Organizing information into categories & smaller "chunks".

  • Highlighting and extracting key information.

  • Developing routines.

• Video resource of approach in action shared.

5 Allen’s Cognitive Disability Frame of Reference

Core Focus Areas

• Focuses on different levels of thinking ability (cognition), how habits/routines influence function, the impact of physical & social surroundings, and analyzing activity demands.

• fixd cognitive levesl

Applicable Client Populations

• Dementia, TBI, chronic mental illness, chronic disease, developmental disabilities.

Six Cognitive Levels (ACL)

Don’t need to remember each one, just note that progressing with each level

1. Automatic Actions

   1. blinking eye from coma

2. Postural Actions

   1. sitting in bed, walking

3. Manual Actions

   1. can do it for few minutes

4. Goal-Directed Actions

5. Exploratory Actions

   1. trial and error

6. Planned Actions

• Each higher level means greater functional cognitive ability.

• Lecture included external video explanation.

6 Lifespan Developmental Frame of Reference

Focus

• Focuses on the typical tasks and challenges at each stage of life.

• Provides support for tasks during life transitions (e.g., moving from adolescence to adulthood, or into retirement).

• Helps clients regain or develop activities suitable for their age.

Assumptions

• Assumes development follows a sequence of ages & stages.

• Shaped by culture, social interactions, and moral development.

Major Developmental Theorists Referenced

Won’t test on these ones

• Freud – psychosexual.

• Jung – spiritual.

• Erikson – psychosocial.

• Kohlberg & Wilcox – moral.

• Piaget – cognitive.

• Levinson – life transitions.

• Mosey – recapitulation of ontogenesis.

• Llorens – growth facilitation.

7 Sensory Integration Frame of Reference

Historical Contributors

• Jean Ayres (1970s) : original SI for children.

• Lorna Jean King (1974) : adapted to adults with mental illness/autism.

• Winnie Dunn (1999) : sensory processing model.

Intervention Focus

• How the Central Nervous System (CNS) takes in & organizes sensory information to allow individuals to participate in activities.

• Common problems addressed:

  • Difficulty paying attention & easily distracted.

  • Being overly sensitive (hypersensitivity).

  • Poor postural control/balance.

  • Difficulty with motor planning (Apraxia).

  • Inefficient thinking speed or processing.

Multimedia

• Video example of SI therapy shared via YouTube.

8 Motor Control & Motor Learning Frames of Reference

8A Motor Control (NDT – Bobath, Rood, Brunnstrom, PNF)

• Originated by Berta & Karel Bobath (1940s).

• Addresses conditions like paralysis, muscle weakness (flaccidity), & muscle stiffness (spasticity) in both children & adults.

• This framework looks at body structures/functions, process skills, environment, and activity requirements.

• Intervention: hands-on techniques ('handling'), encouraging normal movement; preventing the use of the unaffected side to compensate.

• Two treatment demo videos shared.

8B Motor Learning (Task-Oriented)

• Assumptions:

  • Regaining motor control is a learning process.

  • Links sensory information ↔ with motor actions.

  • Practicing in different situations improves control over tasks.

  • Moves from conscious effort → to automatic performance.

• Intervention Elements:

  1. Identify task goal.

  2. Repetitive practice of movement.

  3. Provides feedback (information about task results & how it was performed).

  4. Example strategy: Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT).

     1. stroke patient affected right side, put in left hand in sling to make right hand used more

• Lecture supplied video on taping & CIMT.

9 Psychodynamic Frame of Reference

Key Theorists & Contributors

• Freud, Llorens, Fidler; task-oriented groups by Mosey & Bellak.

Focus of OT Intervention

• Family dynamics & relational patterns.

• Encouraging emotional expression & motivation.

• Bringing unconscious thoughts/feelings into conscious awareness (leading to insight).

• Analyzing how people cope with difficult emotions (defense mechanisms).

• Using creative methods such as art or storytelling to understand symbolic meaning.

Example

• Video of art-based psychodynamic intervention shared.

Reference Sources (as per lecture slide)

• Cole M.B., & Tufano R. (2008) Applied Theories in Occupational Therapy. Slack.

• Jacobs K., MacRae N., & Sladyk K. (2014) Occupational Therapy Essentials for Clinical Competence (2nd ed.). Slack.

• Schell B.A.B., Gillen G., & Scaffa M.E. (2014) Willard & Spackman’s Occupational Therapy (12th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Numerical & Statistical References

• None beyond administrative details; no explicit equations in transcript. All key dates & quantities captured earlier: $50\ \text{MCQs}$, $1\ \text{hour}$ exam, $5\ \text{pages}$ paper length.