Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide Notes

Exam 1 Study Guide - Summer 2025 N3517 Pathophysiology

General Information

  • The exam consists of 55 multiple-choice questions.
  • Content covered includes material from Units 1 and 2: burns, shock, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and the Urbano (2000) reading.
  • Time allotted: 75 minutes.
  • The lecture will follow the exam at 2:30 PM in the Auditorium.
  • Review the study guide and Exam 1 review slides on Canvas.
  • Post questions on the course Canvas discussion board under the relevant unit.

Cell Adaptation

  • Types, characteristics, and examples of cell adaptation.

Cell Injury

  • Cellular responses to and mechanisms of cell injury:
    • Ischemia:
      • Pathophysiology: reduced blood flow, leading to decreased oxygen and nutrient supply to cells.
    • Hypoxic injury:
      • Pathophysiology: oxygen deprivation at the tissue level.
    • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress:
      • Pathophysiology: imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant defenses, leading to cellular damage.
      • Treatment: antioxidants.

Cell Death

  • Mechanisms and manifestations of cell death:
    • Differentiation of necrosis and apoptosis:
      • Necrosis: Cell death due to damage, inflammation.
      • Apoptosis: Programmed cell death.
    • Types of necrosis and their pathogenesis.

Reperfusion Injury

  • Pathophysiology: tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to tissue after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen.

Acute Major Burn Injury

  • Pathophysiology, complications, and their pathophysiology, clinical manifestations

Water Balance Regulation

  • Mechanisms of water balance regulation

Fluid Alterations

  • Mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and treatment of fluid alterations:
    • Dehydration/hypovolemia
    • Edema
    • Hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic imbalances

Electrolyte Regulation

  • Electrolyte regulation, mechanisms of alterations, and clinical manifestations:
    • Calcium
    • Potassium:
      • Alterations and treatment
    • Sodium

Acid-Base Balance

  • Interpretation of arterial blood gases
  • Physiology of compensatory mechanisms and clinical manifestations

Inflammation and Immunity

  • Mechanisms and clinical manifestations (local & systemic) of the inflammatory process (acute & chronic), including white blood cell count differential.
  • Mechanisms, regulation, effects, and treatment of histamine release.
  • Plasma protein systems, especially complement cascade – functions and mechanisms.
  • Wound healing – pathophysiology and complications.
  • Physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of the adaptive/acquired immune response.
  • Types and examples of immunity.
  • Mechanisms, clinical manifestations, complications, and treatment of hypersensitivity reactions.

Infection

  • Bacterial toxins, particularly gram-negative organisms:
    • Pathophysiology
  • Viral:
    • Pathophysiology and protection.
  • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS):
    • Pathophysiology and interpretation of laboratory tests.
  • Cytokine types and roles, especially endogenous pyrogens.

Stress

  • Stages and sequelae of stress adaptation (General Adaptation Syndrome).
  • The stress response:
    • Pathophysiology, stress hormones and their effects, clinical manifestations.
  • Allostatic overload:
    • Pathophysiology and sequelae.
  • Stress activation of the immune response:
    • Pathophysiology, including cytokines released, especially endogenous pyrogens.
  • Glucocorticoid therapy

Shock

  • Anaphylactic:
    • Pathophysiology
  • Cardiogenic:
    • Pathophysiology and compensatory responses
  • Hypovolemic:
    • Etiology, pathophysiology, and compensatory responses
  • Neurogenic:
    • Pathophysiology
  • Septic:
    • Pathophysiology