Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide Notes

Exam 1 Study Guide - Summer 2025 N3517 Pathophysiology

General Information

• The exam consists of 55 multiple-choice questions.
• Content covered includes material from Units 1 and 2: burns, shock, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and the Urbano (2000) reading.
• Time allotted: 75 minutes.
• The lecture will follow the exam at 2:30 PM in the Auditorium.
• Review the study guide and Exam 1 review slides on Canvas.
• Post questions on the course Canvas discussion board under the relevant unit.

Cell Adaptation

• Types, characteristics, and examples of cell adaptation.

Cell Injury

• Cellular responses to and mechanisms of cell injury:
  • Ischemia:
    • Pathophysiology: reduced blood flow, leading to decreased oxygen and nutrient supply to cells.
  • Hypoxic injury:
    • Pathophysiology: oxygen deprivation at the tissue level.
  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress:
    • Pathophysiology: imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant defenses, leading to cellular damage.
    • Treatment: antioxidants.

Cell Death

• Mechanisms and manifestations of cell death:
  • Differentiation of necrosis and apoptosis:
    • Necrosis: Cell death due to damage, inflammation.
    • Apoptosis: Programmed cell death.
  • Types of necrosis and their pathogenesis.

Reperfusion Injury

• Pathophysiology: tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to tissue after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen.

Acute Major Burn Injury

• Pathophysiology, complications, and their pathophysiology, clinical manifestations

Water Balance Regulation

• Mechanisms of water balance regulation

Fluid Alterations

• Mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and treatment of fluid alterations:
  • Dehydration/hypovolemia
  • Edema
  • Hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic imbalances

Electrolyte Regulation

• Electrolyte regulation, mechanisms of alterations, and clinical manifestations:
  • Calcium
  • Potassium:
    • Alterations and treatment
  • Sodium

Acid-Base Balance

• Interpretation of arterial blood gases
• Physiology of compensatory mechanisms and clinical manifestations

Inflammation and Immunity

• Mechanisms and clinical manifestations (local & systemic) of the inflammatory process (acute & chronic), including white blood cell count differential.
• Mechanisms, regulation, effects, and treatment of histamine release.
• Plasma protein systems, especially complement cascade – functions and mechanisms.
• Wound healing – pathophysiology and complications.
• Physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of the adaptive/acquired immune response.
• Types and examples of immunity.
• Mechanisms, clinical manifestations, complications, and treatment of hypersensitivity reactions.

Infection

• Bacterial toxins, particularly gram-negative organisms:
  • Pathophysiology
• Viral:
  • Pathophysiology and protection.
• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS):
  • Pathophysiology and interpretation of laboratory tests.
• Cytokine types and roles, especially endogenous pyrogens.

Stress

• Stages and sequelae of stress adaptation (General Adaptation Syndrome).
• The stress response:
  • Pathophysiology, stress hormones and their effects, clinical manifestations.
• Allostatic overload:
  • Pathophysiology and sequelae.
• Stress activation of the immune response:
  • Pathophysiology, including cytokines released, especially endogenous pyrogens.
• Glucocorticoid therapy

Shock

• Anaphylactic:
  • Pathophysiology
• Cardiogenic:
  • Pathophysiology and compensatory responses
• Hypovolemic:
  • Etiology, pathophysiology, and compensatory responses
• Neurogenic:
  • Pathophysiology
• Septic:
  • Pathophysiology