GENCHEM 1 | 0101 • V12
Lesson 1.1 Particulate Nature of Matter [UNIT 1]
MATTER is anything that has mass and volume.
• it exists in various states (solid, liquid, & gas— vary in characteristics but the common fact among them is they are composed of tiny particles).
[ All kinds of matter are particulate in nature. ]
ATOMS are the building blocks of matter.
⤷ it is neutral by nature, but when it becomes charged (+ or -), it becomes an ion.
ION is a particle or a group of particles that are charged.
• negatively charged ion = anion
• positively charged ion = cation
MOLECULES are particles that are made up of two or more atoms that are chemically combined.
[ Temperature can affect the movement of particles in matter. With an increase in temperature, particles in matter gain kinetic energy. The higher the kinetic energy, the faster its movements. ]
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Greek Philosophers and their views on Matter
— one thing they agreed upon is the idea that all matters are made up of one primal matter. !!
THALES OF MILETUS (625-547 BC)
• proposed that the basic composition of matter was water since this material is found almost everywhere.
ANAXIMENES (585-525 BC)
• proposed that matter was made up of air since its existence is more fluid than water.
HERACLITUS (535-475 BC)
• opposed others’ ideas as he believed that matter was made up of fire, since this element is a good representation of a “changing world“.
EMPEDOCLES (430-387 BC)
• combined others’ ideas about the nature of matter.
• proposed that aside from water, air, and fire, matter was made up of earth too.
!! [ This started the notion that matter was made up of four primal elements— water, air, fire, and earth. ] !!
Fig. 1.1.1. in Messenger
Fig. 1.1.2. in Messenger
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Aristotle (384-322 BC), a renowned & influential philosopher during his time, expounded the idea of Empedocles.
• he described each element as a balance between two qualities.
• also suggested that all space is filled up with matter, thus, implying that there are no empty spaces.
[ Since matter is not void, this means that it is divisible and can be cut into pieces over and over again. This started the principle of continuity of matter ]
⤷ Continuity of Matter : wherein matter can be broken down into pieces and as you do so, you will not be able to obtain its smallest parts.
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Leucippus (500 BC) and his student Democritus (460-370 BC) thought that all materials are made up of tiny bits of matter which cannot be divided further.
[ The tiny indivisible part that makes up a matter is called as atom, which came from the Greek word atomos which means indivisible. ]
Fig. 1.1.3. in Messenger
[ The idea of Democritus paved the way in establishing that matter is made up of particles, instead of a primal material. This also started the principle of discontinuity of matter. ]
⤷ Discontinuity of Matter : wherein matter cannot be further divided into smaller bits once the ultimate particle of matter (atom) is obtained.
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Four Main Ideas in the Particulate Nature of Matter
1. Matter is composed of discrete particles.
2. There is an empty space between particles of matter.
3. The particles of matter are in constant motion.
4. There are forces that act between the particles.
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Particulate drawings are illustrations used to have a visual representation of particles that make up matter.
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Nature of Particles
Empty Space between Particles
— The particulate nature of matter debunks the idea of Aristotle that there are no empty spaces. The particles that make up matter have spaces in between them. These spaces may be little or huge, depending on the kind of matter.
Motion of Particles
— Another nature of particles that make up matter is they are in constant motion. The speed and direction of moving particles vary in each kind of matter. The spaces between particles also dictate the kind of movement that particles in matter can do. For instance, matter with compact particles will have vibratory motion compared to the fast and random movement of particles that are far apart from one another.
Forces between Particles
— Particles in matter are held by forces. For instance, a water droplet is able to maintain its shape due to the attractive forces that exist between its particles. On the other hand, water droplets are seen sliding down outside the glass of a cold drink due to the repulsive force that exists between the water particles and glass particles.
( Intermolecular forces or forces that exist between particles may be attractive or repulsive. )
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Arrangement of Particles
• SOLID = closely packed and are arranged in orderly manner.
• LIQUID = close to one another but its arrangement is not as orderly as solids.
• GAS = far apart from one another and are arranged randomly.
Intermolecular Forces
• SOLID = strong attractive forces between its particles | are able to maintain its shape and volume and have low compressibility and fluidity.
• LIQUID = not as strong as solids | flow with ease and follow the shape of solids.
• GAS = attractive forces between each other are minimal and almost negligible. | highly compressible due to the very minimal forces.
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
MOTION AND ENERGY OF PARTICLES
• SOLID = exhibits vibratory motion but in a fixed position. | low energy
• LIQUID = slides past one another. | possess moderate energy
• GAS = moves swiftly & in random directions. | high energy
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
INCREASING THE TEMPERATURE OF MATTER RESULTS IN THE GAIN IN ENERGY OF ITS PARTICLES. AS PARTICLES OF MATTER GAIN ENERGY, THE RATE OF THEIR MOTION INCREASES TOO, WHICH ALTERS THEIR ORIGINAL ARRANGEMENT. THE ALTERATION IN THE ARRANGEMENT OF PARTICLES IN MATTER RESULTS IN PHASE CHANGE.