APUSH period 5
1-8-26
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1828 + 1832(1836)
Age of Jackson
democrats=expansionist
-want land for cotton
-need to go west and south
-belive in states rights, hate bank/tariff, pro slavery, expandning, dream of slaves and land
Before 1823 west is all spanish
1823 mexico gained independence from spain
-gov of mexico want to populate north region of claim bc most were in south mexico city
Texas
Mex offers large land grants to am settlers
Cheap
All americans have to do is be roman catholic and mexacanize(follow mexican law)
Perfect for democrats except will not follow rules
Stephen austin and fam take land grants and move to texas
-start cotton plantations and bring slaves
1830 mexico abolishes slavery
Americans do not follow
1834 mexican gov
Santa anna raises army and heads up to to texas
1836 texans declar indep from mexico
American gov does not support americans in texas declaring ind
Santa anna and 6000 invade @ Goliad and rest are at alamo(rip davey crocket and james bowie)
Sam houston regroups and leads us reinforcements to chase santa anna
Battle of san jacinto where santa anna captured forced to sign
Treaty of san jacinto (1 will withdraw mexican troops 2 make the rio grande river new south border not the nueces river)
A CAUSE OF MEX AM WAR
Sant anna refuses to recog treaty under duress
Texas now indep and slavery exist
Wants to join union but politicians to fearful to mess up 1836 election by messing up slave balance
North whigs oppose south dems want
Texas becomes lone star state bc own country for 9 years 1836-1845
1836 election
Birth of whigs
Harrison vs MVB
MVB wins but panic of 1837
1840 election rematch
Harrison and john tyler beate MVB
Tippecanoe and tyler too
Harrison dies
John tyler pres but doesnt act like a whig
Gets kicked out of party
1-9-26
As john tyler leaves in 1845b- lame duck session
Tyler annexed texas
Webster ashburton 1842 (small north land gained from britain - iron ore future)
Manifest destiny
God chose america to take the continent
American mission spread democracy
Election 1844
Expresses manifest destiny
Dems pick james k polk or young hickory
Campaigns for 1 expansion 2 annex texas(tyler beat him to it) 3 take oregon border up 5440 or fight
Whigs pick henry clay
New 3rd party - liberty party
James birney
Anti extension of slavery if already have okay but no more
Kentucy man started ky anti-slavery society (not an abolition party)
Polk wins 170-105 birney pulled clay votes
Polk as pres
1 term
Jacksonian
Tennessee and mississippi plamntations
4 point program
C acquire california(mexi territory)
O oregon boundary up
I indep treasury (started w MVB replaced bank, wont have bank until civil war)
L lower tariff (lower than 1833)
Oregon
Dont fight for 54
Oregon trail
1840s flooding w pioneers
2000 miles
By 1846 5000 am there
After elected changed tune dont push for oregon =free state esp since texas now in
1846 oregon treaty
49th top of us border and brit canada
Keep parallel exact same
Brit agreem to not claim joint occupation territory
Polk instead focus on mexico
1845 sends j slidell w 25 mil offer to buy cali from mex
Santa anna refused
Polk needs to start a war
1846 calls zach taylor to take am troops across nueces to rio grande
Sends navy to mex coast
April 1846
Taylor fired at
Polk goes to congress for decl of war
Conscience whigs oppose this- abe lincoln is one
Spot resolutions are the disputes bc what spot did am blood fall
1-12-26
Mexican am war
1846-1848
Decl war in may 1846
Mr polks war
Emersonn-mexico will posion
Thoreau on civil disobedience
70000 man voluntary army
West point grads get to test war strats- training ground
Lee grant mcllelan meade jackson
Us took santa fe s cali - kearney
N cali revolted and decl indep from mex bear flag repib cent mex
Batte of buena vista fremont taylor scott
War lasted 1.5 yr with us victory
Treaty of guadalupe hidalgo 1848
1 us gained cali and mex cession NM AZ UT NV
2 rio grande S border of tex
3 US paid mex 15 mil
4 us assumed claims of us citizens against mex in sum of 325000
Treaty heavily debated passed 38-14 MEX AM WAR CAUSE OF CIVIL WAR
Results:
1 slavery debate ignited (new territ=slave or free?)
1848 wilmot proviso does not pass - slave cant exist in gained land
Outcome:us increase size by ⅓
13000 am die or disease
Us troops gain milt experience
Lat am see us as the colloussus
Popular soverieingty
Way to avoid issue of slavery in mec cession
Let the sov ppl decide status of alevery
In the state constitution
Lewis cass(dem) and stephen douglas
1-13-26
Election 1848
Heart of campaign
Mex cession and popular sovereignty
1 dems - lewis cass
2 whigs- zach taylor(s whig planter)
3 free soil party - MVB
Free soil, speech, labor, men
NOT ABOLISTIONIST PARTY
Supports wilmot proviso(only no slave in new territory, no free blacks bc want jobs for white), want federal funding and internal improvement, want free homesteads
California
1848 gold disc @ sutters mill
Prospecters rush 48ers 1849 word is out and mass rush of 49ers
Gold paved way for other econ opportunities
Cali population swells
Passed up territ stage 2
By 1850- 60000+
14000-100000
Drafted constitu in 1849
Want in as free
S threatened in 1849 stop entry
“ S fire eaters threat secession”
Ew mex and utah favored to be free too
By 1850 - sectionalism deeply divide nation
Underground railroad also threatens S
Runaways and fuguitives must be returned per us const
But not being returned and gov not protected slave owner
Slaveholders want more “stringent” fugitive slave law
Chinese discrimination at gold looking so cooks and laundry to make money
Cali comes in as free!
Texas upset claim chunk of land in E new mex. Colorado, okc, kansas - theirs
Threaten action
Taylor may send troops ?
N abolitionist demands auction block needs to be out of DC
June 1880 Nashville council of fire eaters(rabid S dems pro slavery of succession John C Calhoun) to discuss S next move
Compromise of 1850
Henry clay writes
@ 1st proposed N should pass news fug slave law
John c calhoun dying of Tb demands abolitionist stop and runaways returned
Daniel webster agrees w clay wants congress to stay out of territ deciders
Will seward higher law seward
N radical abolitionist will be repub (lincoln sec state - alaska)
says dont give into S - higher law than constot=bible
Threat of war persist
Taylor against agressions to S
Ready to send troops to texas
July 1850 headies filmont now pres
1-14-26
Texas upset
Threat to succeed from union want a little chunk of land
Zach taylor threatens to send army
Northern abolition
Upset dc capitol has biggest slave auction block
Demand dc dont have slave sales
Nashville convention 1850
South plans convention to succeed from nation
Democrat firreeaters led
Compromise 1850
Henry clay writes
Demands abolitionists stop and return runaways c calhoun
Daniel webster wants congress to stay out of
Known as great triumphant
William seward
States higher law than const for slavery issue- bible
Threat of war
Taylor says South cant have so much power
Sends troops to texas to shut them down suddenly dies
4 points
1 cali come in free 2 remove slave auctions in DC 3 exican succession comes in as pop sov 4 new fug slave act
-suspected runaway slave captured and gets trial w/o jury even if free
-cant testify on own behalf cant use their papers sayig free
-fine and jail to whires who didnt turn in runaways
Who gets better deal in 1850 comp?
1 N with california comes in free
2 n better deal w pop sov (free)
3 N benefits from no slave trade in DC
4 S with fug slave law
north (become stronger from compromise)
-constantly industrializing and building
-building lots of railroads(usually private or state funded)
-railroads work togethr to connect them
1852 election
-democrats choose frank pierce(north dem) - wins
Whigs choose winhill scott
-pierce slogan we polked you in 44, well pierce u in 52
Pierces son dies in train otw to inaug - becomes alcholoic
-young america , expansionist(latin america)
Kansas nebraska act 1854
Most important short term cause
Sturgeon douglas(north dem) wants to make chicago hub and build more rails
Wants to reorganize louisiana territory opening it to pop sov
-created nebraska on top kansas on bottom
-act passes (replaces missouri camp)
-upset N abolition movement gros
-republican party forms in traction to Act (not allowed in south)
1-16-26
Dred scott vs stanford 1857
-dred scott was black abolitionist sueing for freedom
-dr emmerson treats scott better and makes him live in free states
-abolitionists state if slave lives i free state for so long they can become free
-state level in missouri hires case but it supreme court, roger taney says
1 slaves are property so they cant sue
2 slaves are property and due process protects moving property anywhere
3 missouri cmpromise actually unconst
Case impact
1 splits democrats -stephen douglas concerned about pop sov
2 south overjoyed
3 non binding just south carolina opinion
1857 panic
1 overspeculation of land sales
2 after gold rush inflation form gold
3 buying am what for crimean war - am overproduce
Results:
-hurt manufacturers in north move them south (inflates ego)
-north wants higher tariffs south wants free land
Lincoln douglas debate 1858
-dtephen douglas senate seat up for reelection
-lincoln runs for senate - both debate eachother
-lincolns a house divided speech when becamoes candidate - believes house cant stand
7th debate Lincoln makes Douglas say territories can make laws to prohibit slavery southerners don't like Douglas
John Brown 1859
thought was God calling to end slavery violently tell slaves to kill slave owners and run to Harpers Ferry he's captured and home
1-20-26
John Brown 1859
Results
abolitionist and free soldiers christ-like writes Emerson infuriated by exec
Southern States ready militia becomes Confederate Army
moderate Republicans deplore Brown
South sees Brown as the agent of abolitionism
election 1860
Democratic nominating convention
North picks Douglas his platform is popular sovereignty
fire eaters walk out
South pics John C Breckenridge
Breckenridge is from Kentucky he's a moderate Democrat and his platform is extension of slavery and Annex Cuba
Constitutional Union party is John Bell from Tennessee he wants to preserve a unit and uphold the Constitution
Republicans pick Lincoln his platform is
non-extension of slavery
protective tariff
no loss of Rights for immigrants
and Northern arm of the Transcontinental Railroad
internal improvements paid by federal
free homesteads
very important Lincoln is not an abolitionist until 1863!!!
Election
100% sectional
10 south States no Lincoln on ballot
Breckenridge wins all Southern deep States
bell winds Virginia Kentucky and some Tennessee
Douglas won Missouri and New Jersey but second in the popular vote
very important South still controlled Congress and Supreme Court
December 1860
Post Electoral College vote
secession starts
South Carolina is the first
within 6 weeks Missouri Florida Alabama Georgia Louisiana and Texas
April 1861 after Fort Sumter Virginia Arkansas North Carolina and Tennessee
Confederate states begin
President Jefferson Davis was Pierce's Secretary of State
Montgomery Alabama is the government temporal seat
Buchanan and lame duck does nothing
vice president is Alex Stevens from Georgia
reason to leave
political balance tipping to North
Republican party threatens states rights
hate all northern interference groups
thought North industry would intervene for cotton sale
some want to cut ties and dependency on North
could Escape Terrace
thought had moral High Ground
right to defend their “way of life”
compact Theory
Declaration of Independence and self-determination
1-21-26
Crittenden amendments
proposed by JJ Crittenden from Kentucky
slavery prohibited north of the 3630 and full protection of slavery below
Failed
Confederate States
Jefferson Davis
at odds with his own Congress
strong central government bitterly opposed by states rights
born on secession
doesn't take criticism well
lacked political savvy
Unions
Lincoln
first inaugural quote vow to preserve union hold occupy and possess Federal property in South and quote
very careful not to offend border states
South saw this address as a war message so starts War at that fort
Lincoln's cabinet
William Seward is the Secretary of State he believes that the Bible is higher law is a radical abolitionist
salmon Chase is the Secretary of Treasury he's an abolitionist eventually Supreme Court Justice he's Savvy he starts a bank and tariff post war
Edwin Stanton is the Secretary of War he's a pro-union Democrat Andrew Johnson impeachment in future
Hannibal Hanlon is the VP
Lincoln Savvy leader charitable patient with South feeding cabinet listens
April 12th 1861 the Civil War begins
Fort Sumter South Carolina
Federal Court in the
the Ford is low on supplies and they weren't getting Provisions for US soldiers
hold possess occupy
Lincoln sends a message that supplies are being sent not militia only food makes the South looks like the aggressors when they attack
Fort is bombed by Confederacy for 34 hours major Anderson surrend
South doesn't care it's only food they attack ship and for South started it now Lincoln is ready to progress
Lincoln's response
April 15th issues call for 75,000 volunteer army for 90 days
call to blockade Southern ports
by May the enlistment has increased to 3 years
the South forms of volunteer army too because no Army just malicious
four more states to secede
border states very important
Missouri Kentucky Maryland later West Virginia and Delaware
crucial to Union success
they have population of 300,000 men
" hope to have God on my side but have to have Kentucky and quote they have horses
West Virginia has a large white man population
border states hold 50% of southern white male population of South which is a major advantage
West Virginia state and 1861 after Sumter becomes border
major railroad lines
Maryland has crucial Capital Access
Lincoln keeps border states by
he declares martial law in Maryland which means troops in town which can be argued as unconstitutional
suspends rate of babies Corpus criticism equals arrest with no arraignment but technically constitutional cuz time of War
arrest 27 state legislative officials
they color code the ballots
troops sent in West Virginia and Missouri
Civil War Within
Lincoln reaffirms he will not end slavery
insist the north not fighting to end it
abolition is heavily criticize him
until 1863 Lincoln is not abolition
Virginia's Robert E Lee Lincoln wants him to lead but he's loyal to Virginia and very helpful for the South Lincoln's generals don't match until Ulysses l Grant
Lincoln's quote to Horace Greeley who's in New York editor
save the Union no matter what he do anything to save the union freeing all slaves praying none slaves but he is not abolitionist until 1863
1-22-26
Confederate assets
one they fight defensive strategy few troops are needed because the union has to invade and conquer
to the South is fighting to defend homes culture slavery
three super leaders Lee and Stonewall Jackson
Weaknesses
lack of Industry severe shortages affect Rebels
the South Railroad gauge width and later destruction
lack of foreign intervention
border states don't join
Union assets
22 million population versus 9 million of the South and 4.5 of those are slaves 80,000 immigrants in 1861 to 63 20% Union Army foreign
held 3/4 of the nation's
manufacturing shipping Bank
blockade Anaconda Plan Plus Peninsular campaign favor the
control Seas
two thirds of Nations Railroad
Union now and forever
European diplomacy
monarchs of Europe hate democ
the south is more
some European countries sell weapons and ships to conf
Britain could bypass terrorists with the South
but 1961 Britain's oversupply of cotton plus India plus Egypt by time England needs cotton
Lincoln issued and Emancipation Proclamation so Brit can't side with South they about slavery years ago
North also can buy supplies from England employment in
Britain poor grain Harvest buys from North
in the end France and Britain remain neutral in the war
1862 the South initiated conscription 17 years to 50 years
1863 the north passes first ever Federal conscription law 20 years to 45 years
could hire a substitute if you had money in the North
also in the South if you had 20 plus slaves you were exempt
King Cotton fails
1-23-26
raising armies
North the First Federal conscription in 1863
could hire
New York City draft Riot 1863 parentheses Emancipation Proclamation and parentheses
in North Democrats strongholds Like New York they react
Irish and New York loot Kilburn black areas homes businesses 500 died
class and race based
people like free blacks over Irish people
brownies to enlist at local state federal levels as an incentive
Bounty jumping is a problem
southern draft 1862
Cradle to grave
exempt if the 20 plus slaves
African-American role
in the north 180,000 serve in the Union Army initially rejected but from racism 1862 that changes because of death Total so allow blacks but still segregated units and no black officers
first allowed to enlist but then not and then 61 to 62 because whites didn't want them
54th Massachusetts regiments Fort Wagner one half died
they're paid less than one half of a white Soldier
some service Spies Like Harriet Tubman
also labor battalions especially pre-1862
in the South they do not list until the very last month of the war then they're forced into labor battalions and many plantations were kept running during the war
ironically don't escape until Union troops cross paths
slaves referred to as stomachs of Confederacy
home guards are hired
Native American Indians role
most Five Civilized Tribes fight for
some own slaves
29,000 joined Union and Confederate combined
women's roles
Republican Motherhood to Cult of Domesticity working class women know only the wealthy participat
nurses in Red Cross like Clara Barton
spies on both sides
keep farms and Shops going
camp for followers
teachers and clerks become feminized
Civil War economies
North
1862 first income tax flat rate
excise tax on tobacco and alcohol
1861 Morrell tariff 36%
war bonds private banking house Jay Cooke sold them Lincoln gives Federal contracts without Congress approval they become millionaires
Republicans always have high tariffs
1863 National Banking Act
create standard banknote
greenbacks supported by gold new currency national federal Dollar Bank notes
first b u s since 1832
last 50 years until Federal Reserve 1913
South
war bonds not many have enough money to buy them So some foreign investment
10% Farm tax
biggest Revenue printing paper 1 billion graybacks devastating to the economy
run away inflation
wartime prosperity
first millionaires class bar
terrorist protect industry
ushers in Gilded Age
news labor saving inventors
Rockefeller oil Carnegie steel Morgan Bank Etc they run the country
the war brought the Second Industrial Rev
1-28-26
1862 the Homestead Act
free land
by 1865 20,000 Pioneers West
only paid $10 filing fee
1862 Morrell Lane Grant Act
the foundation for State College
each day gets $30,000 acres for each congressman
profits must use profits to set up Agriculture and mechanical colleges
1862 Pacific Railroad Act
commissioned the north transcendentalist railroad to California
completed in 1864
criticisms of Lincoln
suspending civil liberties rent babies Corp
blockade / Anaconda proclaimed while Congress was out
the size of army increases and navy without Congressional approval
extended enlistment from 90 days to 3 years without Congressional approval
Advance 2 million to three private citizens from military contracts without Congressional approval - Jay cook
arranged Army to oversee voting and border states
Suspended New York Times and arrested editors
outlawed slavery and territories despite Dred Scott
Civil War was Total War
modern first world
civilians become targets
cities in plantations are purposely destroyed
Society resources allocated for war
modern technology and Logistics
Mini Ball ironclads Railroad
the war
strangle South
control Mississippi River cut Confederacy into - Vicksburg Siege 1863
cut swath through Georgia Atlanta to Savannah - Sherman's March to see
capture Richmond April 1865 Ulysses S Grant
Bull Run Manassas July 1861
30 Mi south of DC
one day 2846 union 1982 Conf
both sides are realized long War ahead
George McClellan - Union
he has a case of the slows
always had numerical Advantage but too cautious
Peninsular campaign lost McClellan replaced
Antietam 1862
Lee invades Maryland to get to DC
bloodiest battle 23,000 dead in 12 hours
mclellan had been brought back but doesn't follow me back so removed again
it is still a turning point foreign countries stay out 1862 preliminary
Emancipation Proclamation
1862 the preliminary
1862 the confiscation act slaves are Contraband of War
January 1st 1863
Effective
slaves free in areas of rebellion
lots of desertions
1-29-26
Virginia
chancellorville 1863
Stonewall Jackson killed by his own Man Lee lost his right arm
22% of Confederate Army lost here
Pennsylvania
July 1 through 3 1863
Lee invades North to gain peace and north and possible foreign aid
at Gettysburg
3 days 57,000 casualties northernmost battle
need doesn't pursue Lee Lincoln mad
November 1863
Gettysburg Address
philosophical speech equality Supreme commitment, Nation over Union, got little attention at the time
election 1864
Congressional committee on Lincoln's conduct in war
lead secretly by salmon Chase
horse Greeley demands total abolition
peace Democrats in North went out Cooper heads radical peace stems peace at any price
Cooper heads strong and butternut states - Ohio Illinois Indiana
War Democrats Edwin Stanton support Lincoln Secretary of War
Republicans the union party they pick Lincoln Vice President is Andrew Johnson whose award Democrat from Tennessee
don't swap your horse in the middle of the Stream
Democrats pick George McClellan
course of War affected outcome
early 64 Union losses hurt Lincoln
then Atlanta - Sherman system 1864
Mobile Alabama win for Union
Lincoln 212 McClellan 21
second inaugural March 1865
War wounds must be healed
with malice towards non and charity for all
sought reconciliation not retribution
April 1865 the 9th
Grant captures Virginia
Appomattox Courthouse
lease renders Army of North Virginia
30,000 parole
sent home
officers leave with horses and sidearm
Grant - the war is over the rebels are our countrymen
1-30-26
2-2-26
Andrew Johnson
Background
Champion for poor whites in Tennessee against plantar Elites
ironically owned some slaves
government of militia in Tennessee when Union armies enter
becomes vice president 1864 as a war Democrat
most overtly racist president in history
may 1865
Congress is out
Johnson's president
reconstruction plan
one states to hold convention
to repeal ordinance of secession
3 reputation All State Confederate debt
for ratify 13th reluctantly
five 10% plan
6 amnesty to all Confederate leaders who pledge loyalty, all high ranking Confederates who owned 20,000 plus disenfranchised unless appear before Johnson and request presidential pardon
disenfranchise means don't have the right to vote
he issues thousands
cause southern states to be run by same leaders pre War
Radical Republicans outraged example Alex Stevens Senator Georgia
Black Codes equals slavery without chains
quickly instituted by South States before 1866
violence against blacks increase
Memphis riots
1865 Tennessee KKK born
southern white gorilla Warfare begins
Terror organization of Democratic Party
invisible Empire
slavery without chains
Purpose
one stable labor supply for southern elite
severe punishment if jump labor contracts
to restore preeminine system of a race relations
can't serve on juries
can't testify against whites
can't rent or own land
can't vote
vagrancy laws
outlawed idleness you can be sentenced to work on chain gangs
Congressional reconstruction
December 1865 back
Republicans concerned overall Republican legislation Radical Republicans are angry
South learned nothing from war
emancipation although good increases number of electors by 12 in the south
now what South could accomplish
Charles Sumner thidious Stevens Ben Waite
Civil Rights bill 1866
Precursor to 14th Amendment
response to South and Johnson
Provisions
gave African-American citizenships
outlawed Black Codes
AJ vetoed it
Congress over Road
14th Amendment sent to States in 1866
make Civil Rights bill and Amendment
number one number two disqualify for Confederates to hold office number three decrease members of Congress if deny black mail suffragea
1. The Age of Jackson and Democratic Expansionism (–)
The Democratic Platform
Expansionism: Driven by the demand for new land for cotton cultivation; looked West and South.
Core Beliefs: Strong advocacy for states' rights, opposition to the National Bank and high tariffs, and a pro-slavery stance.
Demographics: Dreamed of a society built on land ownership and slave labor.
Mexican Independence and Texas (–)
Context: Prior to , the West was Spanish territory. In , Mexico gained independence and sought to populate its northern region (Texas).
The Offer: Mexico offered large, cheap land grants to American settlers.
Conditions: Settlers had to convert to Roman Catholicism and follow Mexican law.
Friction: Stephen Austin and others established cotton plantations with slaves. In , Mexico abolished slavery, which American settlers ignored.
Texas Independence ()
The Conflict: Santa Anna raised an army to suppress the Texans. Texans declared independence in .
Key Events: The Goliad Massacre and the Fall of the Alamo (death of Davy Crockett and James Bowie).
Victory: Sam Houston regrouped and defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto.
Treaty of San Jacinto:
Mexican troops withdrew.
The Rio Grande became the new southern border (displacing the Nueces River).
Note: Santa Anna later claimed the treaty was signed under duress, a major cause of the Mexican-American War.
Political Delay: Texas remained the "Lone Star Republic" for years (–) because U.S. politicians feared upsetting the slave/free state balance.
2. Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War ()
The Election of
James K. Polk (Democrat): Known as "Young Hickory." Campaigns on a -point program (COIL):
C: Acquire California.
O: Settle the Oregon boundary (slogan: " or Fight").
I: Establish an Independent Treasury.
L: Lower the Tariff.
Henry Clay (Whig): Opposed Polk but lost.
Liberty Party: James Birney ran on an anti-extension of slavery platform, pulling votes from Clay.
The Oregon Treaty ()
The boundary was settled at the parallel rather than the line to avoid conflict with Britain while focusing on Mexico.
The Mexican-American War (–)
Trigger: Polk sent John Slidell to offer million for California; Mexico refused. Polk then ordered Zachary Taylor to the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grande.
Opposition: "Conscience Whigs" (including Abraham Lincoln) challenged the war's justification via the "Spot Resolutions."
Outcome: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ():
U.S. gained California and the Mexican Cession (NM, AZ, UT, NV).
Rio Grande confirmed as the Texas border.
U.S. paid Mexico million.
3. Sectionalism and the Road to Civil War (–)
The Compromise of
Terms:
California admitted as a free state.
Slave trade (but not slavery) abolished in D.C.
Mexican Cession territories (Utah/New Mexico) to use popular sovereignty.
A more stringent Fugitive Slave Act.
Key Figures: Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser), Daniel Webster (Seventh of March speech), and John C. Calhoun (defender of the South).
Radical Voices: William Seward argued for a "Higher Law" (the Bible) over the Constitution regarding slavery.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act ()
Orchestrated by Stephen Douglas to facilitate a transcontinental railroad through Chicago.
Repealed the Missouri Compromise of by opening the territory to popular sovereignty.
Led to the birth of the Republican Party.
Dred Scott v. Sandford ()
Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled:
Blacks were not citizens and could not sue in court.
Slaves were property; the Amendment protected property rights in any territory.
The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.
John Brown and Harpers Ferry ()
Brown attempted a violent slave revolt; he was captured and executed.
Result: South saw him as an agent of Northern abolitionism; began organizing militias (the future Confederate Army).
4. The Civil War (–)
The Election of
Abraham Lincoln (Republican) won without a single Southern electoral vote.
Secession: South Carolina seceded first (Dec ), followed by the deep South and eventually the upper South after Fort Sumter.
The Outbreak of War
Fort Sumter (April , ): Initiated by the Confederacy; Lincoln responded by calling for volunteers.
Border States: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia. Crucial for Union success due to their population and resources. Lincoln used martial law to keep Maryland in the Union.
Comparing Assets
Union: Larger population ( million), of the nation's wealth, control of the seas (Anaconda Plan), and extensive railroads.
Confederacy: Defensive strategy, superior initial leadership (Lee and Jackson), and familiar territory.
Critical Legislation (–)
Homestead Act (): Offered free land in the West.
Morrill Land Grant Act (): Created agricultural and mechanical colleges.
National Banking Act (): Established a standard federal banknote (Greenbacks).
Turning Points
Antietam (): Bloodiest single day; led to the Emancipation Proclamation ().
Gettysburg (): The southernmost point of Lee's invasion; a major Union victory.
Vicksburg (): Grant seized control of the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy.
Appomattox (): Lee surrendered to Grant, ending the war with a spirit of reconciliation ("with malice toward none").
1-8-26: The Age of Jackson and the Republic of Texas
The Age of Jackson (1828–1836)
Democratic Platform: Expansionist goals oriented toward acquiring land for cotton cultivation in the West and South.
Core Beliefs: Advocacy for states' rights, opposition to the National Bank and tariffs, pro-slavery stance, and a focus on expanding land and labor (slaves).
Mexico and Texas Independence
Pre-1823: The West was primarily Spanish territory until Mexico gained independence in .
Mexican Strategy: The government sought to populate the northern regions by offering cheap, large land grants to Americans.
Requirements: American settlers had to be Roman Catholic and follow Mexican law ("Mexicanize").
Settlement: Stephen Austin and families established cotton plantations and brought slaves, despite Mexico abolishing slavery in .
Revolution: By , Santa Anna raised an army to suppress Texas. In , Texans declared independence. Notable losses occurred at Goliad and the Alamo (death of Davy Crockett and James Bowie).
Victory: Sam Houston regrouped and captured Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto.
Treaty of San Jacinto:
Withdrawal of Mexican troops.
Established the Rio Grande as the southern border (instead of the Nueces River).
Santa Anna later refused to recognize the treaty, claiming it was signed under duress.
Lone Star Republic: Texas was an independent country from to . Joining the Union was delayed to avoid upsetting the slave/free state balance in the election.
National Politics
1836 Election: Birth of the Whig Party; Martin Van Buren (MVB) defeated William Henry Harrison, but the Panic of hurt his presidency.
1840 Election: Harrison and John Tyler defeated MVB ("Tippecanoe and Tyler too"). Harrison died shortly after, and Tyler (though a Whig candidate) acted like a Democrat and was kicked out of the party.
1-9-26: Manifest Destiny and the Election of 1844
Tyler's Lame Duck Actions (1845)
Tyler annexed Texas before leaving office.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842): Settled boundary disputes with Britain in the North, gaining land rich in iron ore.
Manifest Destiny
Belief that God chose America to take the continent and spread democracy.
Election of 1844
James K. Polk (Democrat): Campaigns on expansion, annexing Texas, and the Oregon border (slogan: " or Fight").
Henry Clay (Whig): The opponent.
Liberty Party: James Birney ran as an anti-extension of slavery candidate, pulling crucial votes from Clay.
Polk’s 4-Point Program (C.O.I.L.):
C - Acquire California.
O - Oregon boundary dispute resolution.
I - Independent Treasury (replaces the National Bank).
L - Lower Tariff.
Territorial Disputes
Oregon: The Oregon Trail ( miles) saw a flood of pioneers ( Americans by ). The boundary was settled at the parallel to avoid war with Britain.
Mexico: Polk sent John Slidell with a million offer for California; Santa Anna refused. Polk then moved troops under Zachary Taylor to the Rio Grande to provoke conflict.
Spot Resolutions: Congressman Abraham Lincoln and "Conscience Whigs" demanded to know the exact spot where American blood was shed to justify war.
1-12-26: The Mexican-American War and Popular Sovereignty
The Mexican-American War (1846–1848)
Often called "Mr. Polk’s War." Opposed by Thoreau (Civil Disobedience) and Emerson ("Mexico will poison us").
Training Ground: Voluntary army of ; West Point graduates (Lee, Grant, McClellan, Meade, Jackson) tested strategies.
Key Gains: Santa Fe and Southern California taken by Kearney; Northern California declared the "Bear Flag Republic."
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
U.S. gained California and the Mexican Cession (NM, AZ, UT, NV).
Rio Grande established as the Texas border.
U.S. paid Mexico million and assumed million in citizen claims.
Consequences
Ignited the slavery debate: Should new land be slave or free?
Wilmot Proviso: Proposed a ban on slavery in gained lands; failed to pass.
Popular Sovereignty: Proposed by Lewis Cass and Stephen Douglas to let citizens of a territory decide the status of slavery.
1-13-26 and 1-14-26: Sectional Tension and the Compromise of 1850
Election of 1848
Democrats: Lewis Cass.
Whigs: Zachary Taylor (Southern planter and war hero).
Free Soil Party: MVB; ran on "Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, Free Men." Support for the Wilmot Proviso and internal improvements.
California Gold Rush
Gold discovered at Sutter's Mill (); "ers" flooded the area. Population jumped from to over by .
California drafted a free-state constitution, threatening the national balance.
Compromise of 1850 (Henry Clay)
The "Great Triumvirate": Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun debated the crisis.
William Seward: Argued for a "higher law" than the Constitution (the Bible).
Zachary Taylor’s Death: Taylor opposed Southern aggression and threatened to send troops to Texas; he died suddenly in July , and Millard Fillmore became President.
The 4 Points:
California enters as a free state.
Slave auctions banned in D.C.
Mexican Cession territories use Popular Sovereignty.
New Fugitive Slave Act: Captured runaways denied jury trials/testimony; fines/jail for those helping slaves.
Pre-War Developments
Election of 1852: Democrat Franklin Pierce ("We Polked you in , we'll Pierce you in ") defeated Winfield Scott. Pierce was an expansionist but suffered personal tragedy (son died in a train accident).
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854): Stephen Douglas wanted Chicago as a rail hub. The act opened the Louisiana Territory to Popular Sovereignty, effectively repealing the Missouri Compromise. This led to the formation of the Republican Party.
1-16-26: Pre-War Legal and Economic Crisis
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled:
Slaves are property and cannot sue.
The Amendment protects property rights anywhere (Due Process).
The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.
Panic of 1857
Causes: Overspeculation, Gold Rush inflation, and overproduction of wheat for the Crimean War.
Result: Hurt Northern manufacturing more than the South, inflating the Southern ego.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)
Lincoln's "House Divided" speech. Forced Douglas to admit territories could prohibit slavery (Freeport Doctrine), which alienated Southern Democrats.
John Brown's Raid (1859)
Attempted to start a violent slave revolt at Harpers Ferry. Captured and executed; seen as a martyr in the North and a terrorist/agent of abolitionism in the South.
1-20-26: The Election of 1860 and Secession
Election of 1860
Northern Democrats: Stephen Douglas (Popular Sovereignty).
Southern Democrats: John C. Breckenridge (Extension of slavery, annex Cuba).
Constitutional Union: John Bell (Preserve the Union).
Republicans: Abraham Lincoln (Non-extension of slavery, protective tariff, internal improvements, Transcontinental Railroad).
Result: Lincoln won; Southern states didn't even put him on the ballot. Secession began with South Carolina in Dec .
The Confederacy
President: Jefferson Davis; VP: Alexander Stephens.
Compact Theory: The belief that states entered a contract and could leave it (self-determination).
1-21-26 and 1-22-26: Beginning of the Civil War
Lincoln’s Leadership
Vowed to preserve the Union and possess federal property in the South.
Cabinet: Seward (State), Chase (Treasury), Stanton (War).
Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861)
Lincoln sent food supplies (not militia). The South attacked, marking them as the aggressors. Lincoln subsequently called for volunteers.
Border States
MO, KY, MD, DE, and WV (separated from VA in ).
Crucial for white male population ( of South's total).
Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus and declared martial law in Maryland to protect D.C.
Military Dynamics
Confederacy Assets: Defensive strategy, superior leaders (Lee, Jackson), defending culture/homes.
Union Assets: Large population ( million vs million), manufacturing ( of wealth), control of seas, and of the railroads.
1-23-26: Wartime Society and Economy
Raising Armies
The Draft: Northern conscription () allowed substitutes for money. Southern draft () exempted those with slaves ("Cradle to Grave").
NYC Draft Riots (1863): Irish laborers attacked Black citizens and businesses.
African-American Role: served in the Union Army (segregated units). Notable: 54th Massachusetts. Slaves were called the "stomachs of the Confederacy" (laborers).
War Economy
North: First income tax (), greenbacks (National Banking Act), and war bonds (Jay Cooke).
South: Devastating inflation ( billion "graybacks" printed) and a farm tax.
Legislation: Homestead Act (free land), Morrill Land Grant Act (colleges), and Pacific Railroad Act.
1-28-26 to 1-30-26: The War Ends
Total War Strategies
Anaconda Plan: Strangle the South via blockade.
Control the Mississippi (Vicksburg Siege, ).
Sherman’s March to the Sea: Destroying Atlanta and Georgia's resources.
Key Battles
Bull Run (1861): Proved it would be a long war.
Antietam (1862): Bloodiest single day; led to the Emancipation Proclamation (), which freed slaves in areas of rebellion.
Gettysburg (July 1863): Northernmost battle; massive casualties (). Followed by the Gettysburg Address.
The End of Conflict
Election of 1864: Lincoln (Union Party) defeated McClellan. Slogan: "Don't swap your horse in the middle of the stream."
Appomattox (April 9, 1865): Lee surrendered to Grant. Terms was generous; Grant famously said, "the rebels are our countrymen."
1. The Age of Jackson and Democratic Expansionism (–)
The Democratic Platform
Expansionism: Driven by the demand for new land for cotton cultivation; looked West and South.
Core Beliefs: Strong advocacy for states' rights, opposition to the National Bank and high tariffs, and a pro-slavery stance.
Demographics: Dreamed of a society built on land ownership and slave labor.
Mexican Independence and Texas (–)
Context: Prior to , the West was Spanish territory. In , Mexico gained independence and sought to populate its northern region (Texas).
The Offer: Mexico offered large, cheap land grants to American settlers.
Conditions: Settlers had to convert to Roman Catholicism and follow Mexican law.
Friction: Stephen Austin and others established cotton plantations with slaves. In , Mexico abolished slavery, which American settlers ignored.
Texas Independence ()
The Conflict: Santa Anna raised an army to suppress the Texans. Texans declared independence in .
Key Events: The Goliad Massacre and the Fall of the Alamo (death of Davy Crockett and James Bowie).
Victory: Sam Houston regrouped and defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto.
Treaty of San Jacinto:
Mexican troops withdrew.
The Rio Grande became the new southern border (displacing the Nueces River).
Note: Santa Anna later claimed the treaty was signed under duress, a major cause of the Mexican-American War.
Political Delay: Texas remained the "Lone Star Republic" for years (–) because U.S. politicians feared upsetting the slave/free state balance.
2. Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War ()
The Election of
James K. Polk (Democrat): Known as "Young Hickory." Campaigns on a -point program (COIL):
C: Acquire California.
O: Settle the Oregon boundary (slogan: " or Fight").
I: Establish an Independent Treasury.
L: Lower the Tariff.
Henry Clay (Whig): Opposed Polk but lost.
Liberty Party: James Birney ran on an anti-extension of slavery platform, pulling votes from Clay.
The Oregon Treaty ()
The boundary was settled at the parallel rather than the line to avoid conflict with Britain while focusing on Mexico.
The Mexican-American War (–)
Trigger: Polk sent John Slidell to offer million for California; Mexico refused. Polk then ordered Zachary Taylor to the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grande.
Opposition: "Conscience Whigs" (including Abraham Lincoln) challenged the war's justification via the "Spot Resolutions."
Outcome: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ():
U.S. gained California and the Mexican Cession (NM, AZ, UT, NV).
Rio Grande confirmed as the Texas border.
U.S. paid Mexico million.
3. Sectionalism and the Road to Civil War (–)
The Compromise of
Terms:
California admitted as a free state.
Slave trade abolished in D.C.
Mexican Cession territories to use popular sovereignty.
A more stringent Fugitive Slave Act.
Key Figures: Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun.
William Seward: Argued for a "Higher Law" (the Bible) over the Constitution regarding slavery.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act ()
Repealed the Missouri Compromise of by opening the territory to popular sovereignty to facilitate a railroad through Chicago.
Led to the birth of the Republican Party.
Dred Scott v. Sandford ()
Ruled that slaves were property, the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional, and Blacks were not citizens.
John Brown and Harpers Ferry ()
Brown attempted a violent slave revolt; his execution convinced the South that Northern abolitionists were actively seeking their destruction.
4. The Civil War (–)
The Outbreak
Fort Sumter (April , ): Confederate attack initiated the war.
Border States: Lincoln used martial law and political savvy to keep MO, KY, MD, DE, and WV in the Union.
Wartime Legislation
Homestead Act (): Free land for settlers.
National Banking Act (): Created greenbacks and a standardized banking system.
End of the War
Appomattox (): Lee surrendered to Grant, followed by the assassination of Lincoln, leaving Reconstruction to Andrew Johnson.
5. Reconstruction and the Presidency of Andrew Johnson (–)
Johnson’s Background and Views
A War Democrat from Tennessee who championed poor whites against the planter elite.
Paradoxical leadership: Owned slaves and held overtly racist views, despite remaining loyal to the Union.
Presidential Reconstruction Plan (May )
Conducted while Congress was in recess; involved a lenient Plan.
Requirements for Southern States:
Hold conventions to repeal ordinances of secession.
Repudiate all Confederate war debts.
Ratify the Amendment reluctantly.
Amnesty: Granted to most who pledged loyalty; however, Confederates with property over were disenfranchised unless they personally requested a presidential pardon (Johnson issued thousands).
Rise of the Black Codes and the KKK
Black Codes: Southern laws created to restore a stable labor supply (often described as "slavery without chains").
Restricted jury service and testimony for Blacks.
Prohibited renting or owning land; implemented vagrancy laws (leading to chain gangs).
Violence: The Memphis riots and the birth of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in Tennessee () as the terror wing of the Southern Democratic Party.
Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction
Civil Rights Bill of : Granted citizenship and outlawed Black Codes; Johnson's veto was overridden by Congress.
The Amendment ():
Codified the Civil Rights Bill into the Constitution.
Disqualified former Confederate leaders from holding federal office.
Threatened to decrease