ajessp.2014.412.423

Air pollution is a significant contemporary issue that exacerbates climate change in both developed and developing nations.
In Lagos, Nigeria, air pollution's impacts are severe, highlighting the urgent need for effective risk management and adaptation strategies.
Existing environmental policies lack effectiveness due to insufficient funding and poor implementation.
This study reviews literature on air pollution's environmental implications, specifically its contributions to climate change and public health concerns.
A synthesis of adaptation measures is proposed to mitigate the effects of air pollution in Lagos.

Urbanization contributes to environmental challenges affecting people's living conditions.
Population growth in urban areas creates demands for housing, leading to overpopulation and environmental strain.
Developing countries like Nigeria face severe air pollution issues impacting public health and climate.
Urban settlements are primary sources of global climate change due to industrial activities.

Lagos is Nigeria’s most populous and industrialized city, with a population of approximately 21.2 million and a density of about 5,926 persons/km².
The city’s area is significantly urbanized, housing more than 70% of Nigeria's industries, making it a critical economic center in West Africa.

Manufacturing Industries
- Lagos hosts over 7,000 manufacturing industries contributing to greenhouse gas emissions.
- The dependence on unreliable hydroelectric power leads to increased use of diesel generators, further escalating emissions.
Vehicular Emissions
- The urban transport sector is a key contributor to air pollution in Lagos, with vehicles accounting for about 43% of air pollution.
- The lack of an efficient public transport system exacerbates vehicular emissions.
Waste Management
- Ineffective waste management practices contribute significant greenhouse gas emissions from landfill sites and waste treatment processes.

Air pollution directly relates to serious public health concerns and climate variability.
Lagos is particularly vulnerable to climate change effects due to its geographical layout and high population density.

Water resources in Lagos face depletion due to climate change and pollution, impacting public health and livelihoods.
The saltwater intrusion from rising sea levels poses a significant threat to freshwater sources.

Increased greenhouse gas emissions have led to rising sea levels, with significant flooding events impacting infrastructure and communities in Lagos.
Historical data indicates extreme flooding events in recent years have caused fatalities and property destruction.

Respiratory diseases and other health issues are on the rise due to air pollution in Lagos.
Flooding contributes to water-borne diseases and other health challenges, further endangering public health.

Biodiversity is threatened by air pollution, land use changes, and climate variability, affecting both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in Lagos.

A holistic approach is needed to address air pollution and its climate change-related impacts.
Strategies proposed include enhancing energy efficiency, developing sustainable transport systems, and implementing effective waste management protocols.
Establishing and enforcing stricter environmental policies, including a Clean Air Act, is crucial to regulating emissions from industries.

Lagos faces immense challenges from air pollution and climate change, necessitating urgent action from all stakeholders.
Collaboration between government agencies, industries, and communities is essential to implement effective climate adaptation and mitigation strategies.