Unit 4 AP Human Geography

administering a boundary
The final phase of boundary making in which countries sharing a common corder establish regular procedures for maintaining boundary markers, settling local disputes, regulating the use of water and waterways in the border area, and conducting other administrative tasks

African Union
An organization of African states established in 2002 as a successor to the OAU to encourage development and political stability through increased cooperation between its members

antecedent boundary
A boundary drawn before a large population was present

Arctic Council
Established in 1996 by the Ottawa Declaration as a high-level intergovernmental forum to provide a means for promoting cooperation, coordination and interaction among the Arctic States, with the involvement of the Arctic indigenous communities and other Arctic inhabitants on a common Arctic issues

ASEAN
The association of Southeast Asian Nations establish in 2015 to promote the economic growth of 10 countries south of China as well as regional stability among its members

autonomous region (semiautonomous region)
A defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state

Berlin Conference
Meeting of representatives from the major empires of Europe to divide up Africa and formalize their land claims

choke points
A geographical feature on land such as a valley or a bridge, or at dea such as a strait which an armed force is forced to pass, sometimes on a substantially narrower front and therefore greatly decreasing its combat power to reach its objective

consequent boundary
A subsequent boundary that is created to accommodate a region’s cultural diversity

contiguous zone
Coastal states have a limited sovereignty for up to 24 nautical miles where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation

cultural cohesion
The capacity to live together in harmony with a sense of mutual commitment among citizens of different social or economic circumstances

defining a boundary
Establishing a boundary by a legal document such as a treaty that divides one entity from another (invisible line); the entity could range from a country to a single plot of real estate

delimiting a boundary
Drawing a line on a map to show the limits of a space

demarcating a boundary
Identifying a boundary by physical objects placed on the landscape; could be a sign or a set of fences and walls

demilitarized zone
An area in which treaties or agreements between nations, military powers or contending groups forbid military installations activities or personnel

Democratization
The transition from autocratic to more representative forms of politics

Devolution
The transfer of political power from the central government to subnational level of government

economies of scale
The cost advantages of conducting economic activity on a large scale

equitable infrastructure development
An approach for meeting the needs of underserved communities through policies and programs that reduce disparities while fostering places that are healthy and vibrant

ethnic cleansing
The forced removal of a minority ethnic group from a territory

ethnic nationalist movements
A social and political movement for obtain and maintain ethnic national identity and autonomy among a group of people that some of its members consider a nation

ethnic separatism
When an ethnic group wants to separate from the larger group

Ethnonationalism
A particular strain of nationalism that is marked by the desire of an ethnic community to have absolute authority over its own political economic and social affairs

European Union
A group of 28 countries that operate as a cohesive economic and political block; 19 of the countries us the euro as their official currency

exclusive economic zone
Coastal states can explode, extract minerals, and manage up to 200 nautical miles

failed states
A state which can no longer perform basic functions such as education, security, or governance, usually due to fractious violence or extreme poverty

federal state
A state in which a group or body of members are bound together with a governing representative head

geometric boundary
A straight line drawn by people that does not follow any physical feature closely

Gerrymandering
The drawing of boundaries for political districts by the party of group in power to extend or cement their advantage

independence movements
A group of people who have come together to advocate for freedom

Infrastructure
The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise

international waters/high seas
Water beyond the EEZ and open to all states

Irredentism
A type of expansionism that occurs when one country seeks to annex territory in another because it has ties to part of the population lives there

military alliance
An international agreement concerning national security, when the contracting parties agree to mutual protection and support in case of a crisis that has not been identified in advance

multinational state
A country that contains more than one nation

multistate nation
When a nation has a state of its own but stretch across borders of other states

Nation
A group of people with certain things in common

Nation-state
A singular nation of people who fulfill the qualifications of a state

Nationalism
A nation’s desire to create and maintain a state of its own

NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) an alliance of 28 counties bordering the North Atlantic Ocean

Neocolonialism
The use of economic, political, cultural or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies

political boundary
A border constructed and imposed on or around a geographic territory in order to distinguish between areas of governance or types of political control

Redistricting
The period redrawing of legislative district boundaries

relic boundary
A boundary that no longer exists, but evidence of it still exists on the landscape

Self-determinism
The process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government

Shatterbelt
A region of instability located between two very different regions

Sovereignty
The power of a political unit to rule over its own affairs

State
The largest political unit, the formal term for a country

stateless nation
Cultural groups that have no independent political entity

subsequent boundary (ethnographic)
A boundary drawn after the development of the cultural landscape

superimposed boundary
A boundary drawn by outside powers

Supranationalism
Occurs when multiple counties form an organization to collectively achieve greater benefits for all members

territorial seas
Up to 12 nautical miles of sovereignty starting at a state’s coast; commercial vessels may pass through, but non-commercial vessels may be challenged

Territoriality
The connection people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land

Terrorism
Organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets that is intended to create fear in furtherance of political aims

The United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea
A code of maritime law approved by the United Stations in 1982

trade agreement
A wide-ranging taxes, tariffs and trade treaty that often includes investment guarantees

Transnational
Extending beyond national boundaries

uneven development
The unequal distribution of people resources, and wealth that is a fundamental characteristic of human geography

unitary state
A state governed constitutionally as a unit without internal divisions or a federalist delegation of powers

United Nations
An international organization that works to promote peace, security and cooperation

voting districts
A geographical area which is represented by a seat or numerous seats in a legislative body such as parliament or congress