Study Notes on Maternal and Infant Nutrition

Nutrition Before Conception

  • Goals: Screen for risks, promote health, manage risks

  • Importance of preconception health for both genders

  • Weight and BMI impacts outcomes

Vitamin Recommendations

  • 400–800 mcg synthetic folic acid daily to reduce neural tube defects

  • Avoid high vitamin A doses due to teratogenic effects

  • Consume beta-carotene rich foods (fruits & vegetables)

Preconception Health Recommendations

  • Make a pregnancy plan; use effective birth control until ready

  • Daily folic acid intake of 400 mcg

  • Stop tobacco and alcohol use

  • Avoid toxic substances and maintain a healthy weight

  • Consult doctor regarding family history and mental health

Fetal Growth Stages

  • Three trimesters; each about 13–14 weeks

  • Blastogenic stage: first 2 weeks

  • Embryonic stage: weeks 2-8 (organogenesis)

  • Fetal stage: week 9 to delivery (body changes)

Maternal Physiological Changes

  • Growth of maternal tissues and increased blood volume

  • Changes in GI motility and organ functions due to hormones

Maternal Weight Gain Guidelines

  • Based on BMI; normal = 25-35 pounds gain

  • Underweight: 28-40 pounds, Overweight: 15-25 pounds

Energy and Nutrition Needs

  • Increased energy needs to support fetus and placenta

  • Macronutrient needs: protein, carbohydrates, fats

  • Micronutrient requirements: particularly iron and folate

Risks of Substance Use

  • Tobacco: higher risk for miscarriage and low birth weight

  • Alcohol: fetal alcohol syndrome risk

  • Drugs: associated with various pregnancy complications

Special Situations During Pregnancy

  • Morning sickness: manage with dry foods

  • Gestational diabetes: controlled by diet; may need insulin

  • Encourage regular exercise and hydration

Breastfeeding Nutrition

  • Increased energy needs: 330-400 kcal/day

  • Protein requirement: RDA 1.3 g/kg/day

  • Promote a balanced diet according to MyPlate

Benefits of Breastfeeding

  • Provides optimal nutrition, reduces infection risk, fosters bonding

  • Helps maternal recovery post-delivery and lowers disease risks

Infant Growth and Energy Needs

  • Infancy: birth to 1-year period

  • Birth weight: key health predictor; double by 4-6 months

  • High protein and fat needs for growth and energy

Introduction of Solid Foods

  • Physiological and developmental readiness is critical

  • Begin when infant shows cues (e.g., holds head up, opens mouth)

Establishing Healthy Feeding Relationships

  • Involve family in mealtimes; model healthy eating

  • Introduce new foods gradually; respect child's appetite

Feeding Problems During Infancy

  • Issues like colic, reflux, and failure to thrive need monitoring

  • Support required for key growth and developmental milestones