THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE-1-118

REFRESHER REVIEWER

  • Famous Filipino Architects

ANTONIO, PABLO S. (January 25, 1901 – June 14, 1975)

  • Overview: Pioneered modern Philippine architecture, regarded as the foremost Filipino modernist architect of his time.

  • Awards: 1976 - Conferred the rank and title of National Artist of the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos.

  • Dictum: "Buildings should be planned with austerity in mind... [they] must eternally recreate truth."

Famous Projects:

  1. Philippine National Bank

  2. Manila Railroad Co.

  3. Bel Air Apartments

  4. Capt. Luis Gonzaga Bldg.

  5. Far Eastern University (1939)

  6. Life Theater

  7. Ideal Theater (1933)

  8. Galaxy Theater

  9. Manila Polo

ARANETA, LUIS MARIA ZARAGOSA (Born on July 9, 1916)

  • Background: Son of the first Filipino Secretary of Finance and Justice. Graduated from the University of Santo Tomas in 1939.

  • Career Highlights: Served in the underground movement during WWII, later held positions such as President, Vice-President, and Board Director in various organizations.

Famous Projects:

  1. Makati Medical Center (May 31, 1969)

  2. Santa Catalina College

  3. Times Theater (1939)

  4. Manila Doctor’s Hospital (U.N. Ave., 1956)

ARELLANO, JUAN MARCOS Y DE GUZMÁN (April 25, 1888 - December 5, 1960)

  • Education: Graduated from Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1908, trained in painting before pursuing architecture.

  • Notable Study: Attended Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and completed his degree at Drexel.

  • Influence: Greatly influenced by Art Deco.

Famous Projects:

  1. Manila Central Post Office (1926)

  2. Legislative Building (1926, now National Museum of the Philippines)

  3. Cebu Provincial Capitol (1937)

  4. Bank of the Philippine Islands Cebu Main

  5. Manila's Metropolitan Jones Bridge (1921)

ARELLANO, OTILLO A. (1916 - May 13, 1981)

  • Background: Son of Arcadio Arellano and nephew of Juan Arellano. Prominent in the architectural profession during the 50s and 60s.

  • Notable Commission: Restored the Metropolitan Theater, an Art Deco masterpiece.

  • Awards: 1970 - Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan, 1977 - PRC Outstanding Architect of the Year.

Famous Projects:

  1. National Bureau of Investigations

  2. Philippine Pavilion (1964)

  3. Palacio del Gobernador

  4. RCBC Building

ARGUELLES, CARLOS D. (Born September 15, 1922)

  • Education & Military Service: Graduated in 1939 and served in the Philippine Army as a reserve officer.

  • Career Development: Studied at MIT, earning a Bachelor and Master in Architecture.

  • Leadership: Appointed Dean of UST College of Architecture and Fine Arts (1954-1959).

Famous Projects:

  1. Aglipayan Church

  2. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)

  3. Philam Life Building (1961)

  4. Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company

  5. Philippine National Bank

Other Works:

  • Ateneo de Manila Campus

  • Manila Pavilion (Manila Hilton)

  • Holiday Inn

  • Development Bank of the Philippines

  • Chronicle Broadcasting Network Studio

BURNHAM, DANIEL HUDSON (September 4, 1846 – June 1, 1912)

  • Role: Renowned American architect, urban planner, instrumental in the development of the skyscraper.

  • Notable Management: Successfully managed the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893.

Famous Projects:

  1. Manila Hotel Landscaping

  2. Philippine General Hospital Landscape

  3. Burnham Park, Baguio City

Other Works:

  • Baguio City Planning

  • Army-Navy Club Landscaping

  • Post Office Landscape

  • World’s Columbian Exposition

CALMA, LORENZO LICAD

  • Position: Current President/Architect & Interior Designer of Lor Calma & Partners.

  • Education: Studied Architecture at Mapua Institute of Technology (1954).

  • Contributions: One of the pioneers of modern interior design; known for timeless furniture designs.

Awards:

  1. 2010 - Most Outstanding Kapampangan Award in Arts & Architecture

  2. 2006 - Philippine Institute of Interior Design – Hall of Fame

  3. Other notable awards for contributions to interior design.

Famous Projects:

  1. Asian Development Bank Interiors

  2. College of St. Benilde School of Design & Arts Building (April 2007)

Other Works:

  • Interior of Development Bank of the Philippines

  • Interior of Silahis Hotel

  • Intr. of Puerto Azul & Beach Resort

  • Intr. of Manila Midtown Ramada Hotel

  • Interior of Development Academy of the Philippines

CONCIO, CESAR (November 30, 1907 - April 27, 2003)

  • Role: First University Architect of the University of the Philippines.

  • Historical Role: Selected by President Roxas in 1947 to study architectural trends for the Capital City’s buildings.

Awards:

  1. 1964 - Philippine Institute of Architects Gold Medal of Merit

  2. 1969 - Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan Award.

Dictum:

"The structure must be well oriented."

Famous Projects:

  1. Baclaran Church

  2. Church of the Risen Lord

  3. Insular Life Building

  4. Melchor Hall - UP Diliman

  5. Palma Hall – UP Diliman

Other Works:

  • Protestant Chapel, U.P.

  • Forestry Building, U.P.

  • Children’s Memorial Hospital

  • Mother of Perpetual Help

  • Quezon City Sports Club

  • Union Church

COSCOLLUELLA, WILLIAM

  • Position: Principal Architect of W.V. Coscolluela & Associates (WVCA), established in 1957.

  • Career Span: Over fifty-three years involved in various architectural projects including commercial, residential, and educational buildings.

  • Dictum: “More on Vertical Approach.”

Famous Projects:

  • Robinsons Commercial Complex

  • 26-Storey Ayala Twin Towers

  • The Atrium

  • Quezon City Sports Club

  • SM City North Edsa & Cebu

  • Zuellig Building (2012)

  • 32-storey One Beverly Place (2012)

  • Centro Escolar University Complex

DE CASTRO, CRESENCIANO

  • Education: Studied architecture at the University of Santo Tomas; graduated in 1950.

  • Renowned Design: Known for suburban house designs and modernist architecture characterized by the use of natural light and ventilation.

Famous Projects:

  1. Shoemart Buildings in Manila

  2. Mindanao State University Building

  3. National Science Development Building Complex

  4. Colgate Palmolive Philippines, Inc.

  5. Philippine Science High School

  6. Asian Development Bank

  7. Centro Escolar University Complex

FORMOSA, GABRIEL

  • Career Start: Began in the 1950s and became a prominent architect in the Makati area.

  • Design Philosophy: Emphasized the importance of honest design reflective of human needs; highly acclaimed for residential designs.

Awards:

  1. 1979 - PRC Outstanding Architect of the Year

  2. 1977 - Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan

  3. Other notable awards.

Famous Projects:

  1. Asian Institute of Management (1968)

  2. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (1933)

  3. Concorde Condominium and Office Building (1976)

Other Works:

  1. G.T. International Tower (2001)

  2. La Tondena Building

LOCSIN, LEANDRO V. (August 15, 1928 - November 15, 1994)

  • Significance: Noted for stylistic minimalist use of concrete, floating volume, and simplicity in design.

  • Influences: Interactions with notable architects like Paul Rudolph and Eero Saarinen.

  • Awards: 1990 - Proclaimed National Artist of the Philippines for Architecture.

Dictum:

"Creating Architecture that is both modern & undeniably Filipino."

Famous Projects:

  1. Ayala Museum (old)

  2. Folk Arts Theater

  3. Monastery of Transfiguration

  4. Philippine Center for International Trade Expo

  5. Cultural Center of the Philippines

Other Works:

  1. Istana Nurul Iman, Palace of the Sultan of Brunei

  2. Holy Sacrifice Chapel, U.P.

  3. PHILCITE (1976)

  4. Philippine Plaza Hotel

  5. Parish of the Holy Sacrifice

  6. Philippine International Convention Center

  7. Manila Hotel (partly)

  8. Mandarin Oriental Hotel

LUNA DE SAN PEDRO, ANDRES (1886-1952)

  • Background: Renowned painter known for the Spoliarium. Studied architecture post-painting, graduating in 1918.

  • Career Role: Appointed the chief architect for the city government from 1920 to 1924.

Famous Projects:

  1. Legarda Elementary School

  2. Manila Hotel (part, 1912)

  3. Crystal Arcade

Other Works:

  1. Malacanang Palace

  2. San Vicente de Paul Chapel

  3. Luis-Perez-Samanlilio Building (1928)

MANOSA, FRANCISCO TRONQUED

  • Identity: A Filipino architect and national artist committed to indigenous architecture.

  • Background: Graduate of University of Santo Tomas, member of National Commission on Culture and Arts.

Dictum:

"Architecture must respond to local conditions."

Famous Projects:

  • Tahanang Pilipino (Coconut Palace, 1978)

Awards:

  1. Papal Awardee - Noble Knighthood of the Pontifical Order of St. Gregory the Great (September 1982)

  2. Most Outstanding Professional of the Year by PRC (September 1994).

  3. Gawad CCP Para sa Sining (December 2004).

Other Works:

  1. Shrine of Our Lady Queen of Peace

  2. Mary Immaculate Parish Church

  3. Quezon Memorial Circle

  4. Landscaping of Corregidor Island

  5. San Miguel (1984)

MAPUA, TOMAS (December 21, 1888 - December 22, 1965)

  • Identity: First registered architect of the Philippines.

  • Education: Studied architecture at Cornell University in 1911; known civic leader in Manila.

Awards:

  1. 1954 - Philippine Institute of Architects Gold Medal of Merit

  2. 1964 - Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan.

Famous Projects:

  1. J. Mapua Memorial Hall (Mapua Institute of Technology)

  2. Librada Avelino Hall (Centro Escolar University)

  3. Pier 7 (1918)

MENDOZA, FELIPE MARCELINO (May 26, 1917 – April 28, 2000)

  • Background: Architect and urban planner who established his firm in 1951.

  • Awards: Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan (1976), UAP Likha Award (1982), PRC Outstanding Architect of the Year (1982).

Dictum:

"He makes the fullest possible use of natural light & ventilation."

Famous Projects:

  1. Philippine Veterans Bank

  2. Batasang Pambansa (1978)

  3. Development Academy of the Philippines

NAKPIL, ANGEL E. SANCHO (1914-1980)

  • Background: Key figure in Philippine architecture, cousin of National Artist Juan Nakpil.

  • Education: Graduated from the University of Santo Tomas in 1936.

Famous Projects:

  1. Former Head Office of PLDT

  2. Lopez Museum Building

  3. National Press Club (1955)

  4. Picache Building (mid 1950s)

NAKPIL, JUAN FELIPE de JESUS (May 26, 1899 - May 7, 1986)

  • Identity: Architect, teacher, and community leader; first president of the Philippine Architects Society.

  • Dictum: "He makes the fullest possible use of natural light & ventilation."

Awards:

  • Architect of the Year (1939, 1940, 1946)

  • Philippine Institute of Architects Gold Medal of Merit (1950)

  • Most Outstanding Professional in Architecture (1951).

Famous Projects:

  • Commercial Bank & Trust Building

  • Quezon Hall, U.P. Diliman (now Allied Bank)

Other Works:

  • Quiapo Church

  • Rufino Building Ayala Avenue

  • Quezon Institute Administration

  • Capitol Theater (1930s)

OCAMPO, FERNANDO HIZON (August 7, 1897 – June 13, 2001)

  • Background: Architect and civil engineer educated at Ateneo de Manila, UST, and University of Pennsylvania.

  • Career Path: Worked in the Bureau of Public Works after graduation.

Famous Projects:

  1. Cathedral of Immaculate Conception

  2. Church of Our Lady of Most Holy Rosary

  3. Central Seminary Building, UST Campus

  4. Calvo Building (1933)

  5. Manila Metropolitan Cathedral

  6. Fathers Residence, UST (1933)

  7. Angela Apartments

PARSONS, WILLIAM E. (1872-1939)

  • Role: Architect and city planner known for his works during the American colonization of the Philippines.

Famous Projects:

  1. Army and Navy Club

  2. Philippine General Hospital

  3. YMCA Building

Other Works:

  • Baguio Plan (with Burnham)

  • Philippine Normal School & Women’s

  • Manila Hotel

  • First UP Building

PEREZ, DOLLY QUIMBO

  • Contribution: Known as the Mother of Landscape Architecture in the Philippines; active in the field since the late 1950s.

Famous Projects:

  1. Dambana ng Kagitingan

  2. Taal Vista Lodge

  3. Meralco Compound Landscaping

  4. Rizal Park Landscape

  5. Libingan ng mga Bayani

Other Works:

  1. Children’s Park, UP Diliman

  2. Manila Polo Club

  3. Mirador Shrine

  4. Gateway Business Park

ROXAS, FELIX Y ARROYO SR. (Born: 1820)

  • Identity: First Filipino architect, developed a love for Revivalist architecture after training in Europe.

Famous Projects:

  1. San Ignacio Church (1889)

  2. Sto. Domingo Church (1875)

Other Works:

  1. Reconstructed Parish Church

  2. Dominican Church, England (1750)

RUANO, ROQUE (August 16, 1877 – March 5, 1935)

  • Contribution: Spanish priest-civil engineer noted for designing the first earthquake-shock resistant building in Asia, the main building of UST.

Famous Projects:

  1. Dominican Residences in Baguio City

  2. UST Main Building

  3. UST Main Building Plan

Other Works:

  1. Church of Our Lady of Manaoag

  2. Sta. Teresita Church, Yokohama

SANTOS, ILDEFONSO PAEZ (January 23, 1897)

  • Contributions: Pioneered landscape architecture in the Philippines.

Famous Projects:

  1. Caliraya Lake Resort

  2. Eternal Gardens

  3. Loyola Memorial Park

Other Works:

  1. Batulao Village Club, Batangas

  2. Rizal Park (part)

SINDIONG, ANTONIO

  • Background: Past president of the Philippine Institute of Architects (1960-1962), designer of several prominent shopping centers.

Awards:

  • National artist for outstanding achievement in architecture and allied arts (June 9, 2006).

Famous Projects:

  1. Farmer’s Plaza Shopping Center

  2. SM Megamall

Other Works:

  1. Farmers Plaza Shopping Center

  2. 43-Storey Pacific Plaza

  3. 22-Storey Metro Bank Plaza

  4. 20-Storey Cebu Plaza

  5. 28-Storey La Metropole

  6. Harrison Plaza Shopping Center

TOLEDO, ANTONIO M.

  • Legacy: One of the first Pensionados for Architecture; pioneer professor at Mapua Institute of Technology.

Awards:

  • 1961 Philippine Institute of Architects Gold Medal of Merit Award.

Famous Projects:

Other Works:

  1. Philippine Normal School Women’s (with William Parsons)

  2. UP Padre Faura Campus

  3. UP University Library

  4. Department of Tourism & Finance Building

  5. Leyte Provincial Capitol

  6. Bureau of Customs (1939)

  7. Cebu Provincial Capitol (1937)

  8. Manila City Hall (1939)

VIOLA, CARLOS A. (April 8, 1912 - July 31, 1994)

  • Career Development: One of the first graduates of the College of Architecture, UST; worked as a draftsman under Juan Nakpil, rising to associate architect.

Awards:

  • 1961 - Philippine Institute of Architects Gold Medal of Merit Award.

Famous Projects:

  1. Iglesia Ni Cristo, Cubao

  2. Iglesia Ni Cristo Central Office

  3. Iglesia Ni Cristo Central Temple

Other Works:

  1. Our Lady of Lourdes

  2. Franciscan Church of Singalong

  3. Nuestra Senora de Guia

REFRESHER REVIEWER

  • Famous International Architects

ALVAR, AALTO (February 3, 1898 – May 11, 1976)

  • Overview: Finnish architect and designer known for a diverse career spanning furniture, textiles, and glassware. His work transitioned from Nordic Classicism to a more organic modernist style.

  • Awards: 1957 - Royal Gold Medal for Architecture; 1963 - Gold Medal from the American Institute of Architects.

  • Dictum: “Architecture must create buildings which are conceived as a total artistic expression.”

Famous Projects:

  1. Riola Parish Church (1975-1978)

  2. Paimio Sanatorium (1932)

  3. Helsinki Auditorium (1949-1966)

  • Other Works: Town Hall of Saynatsalo, Pension Bank, Convalescent Home @ Paimio, Hall of Residence, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Finlandia Concert Hall, Helsinki, Library at Vipuri.

BEHRENS, PETER (April 14, 1868 – February 27, 1940)

  • Significance: German architect influential in modernist movement; influenced architects like Mies van der Rohe, Gropius, and Le Corbusier.

  • Dictum: “When a time comes for a change, the outsider is needed..."

Famous Projects:

  1. AEG Turbine Factory (1909)

BREUER, MARCEL LAJOS (May 21, 1902 – July 1, 1981)

  • Identity: Hungarian-born modernist architect known for his modular construction and simplicity of forms.

  • Awards: AIA Gold Medal (1968).

Dictum:** “A building has straight geometrical lines..."

Famous Projects:

  1. Riola Parish Church 1975-1978

  2. Paimio Sanatorium (1932)

  3. Whitney Museum of American Art

  4. Saint John's Abbey (1961)

Other Works:

  1. Harneshmasher House

  2. Tubular steel cantilever chair, Bauhaus Building

  3. Pirelli Tire Building (1969)

  4. Atlanta Central Library (1980)

CANDELA, FELIX (January 27, 1910 – December 7, 1997)

  • Background: Spanish architect known for his significant role in Mexican architecture and structural engineering.

  • Contributions: Development of thin shells made of reinforced concrete.

  • Awards: IStructE Gold Medal

Famous Projects:

  1. Palacio de los Deportes

Other Works:

  1. Church of Our Lady of Miracles

  2. Radiation Institute, Mexico

  3. Chapel of the Missionaries of the Holy Spirit, Coyoacan, Mexico

  4. Candela Oceanographique

  5. Los Manatiales Restaurant, Mexico

FULLER, BUCKMINSTER (July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983)

  • Background: American architect and futurist known for geodesic dome designs.

  • Noteworthy Invention: Developed the geodesic dome, influencing architecture fundamentally.

Famous Projects:

  1. Geodesic Dome, US Pavilion, Montreal Exposition (1967)

  2. Union Tank Car Repair Shop, Louisiana

GAUDI, ANTONIO (June 25, 1852 – June 10, 1926)

  • Role: Prominent Catalan architect noted for his unique designs employing hyperboloids and paraboloids.

  • Philosophy: His work reflects a belief that the curved line represents divine creation.

Famous Projects:

  1. Sagrada Familia (1882-Present)

  2. Casa Batlló (1904-1906)

  3. Casa Vicens (1883-1889)

  4. Casa Milà (1906–1912)

GILBERT, CASS (November 24, 1859 – May 17, 1934)

  • Identity: Prominent American architect known for his Beaux Arts style public buildings.

Famous Projects:

  1. US Supreme Court West Facade

  2. Woolworth Building, NY (1910-1913)

  3. Oberlin College - Allen Memorial Art Museum (1917)

GROPIUS, WALTER (May 18, 1883 – July 5, 1969)

  • Identity: German architect, founder of Bauhaus school.

  • Dictum: “Architecture begins where engineering ends”.

Famous Projects:

  1. Fagus Factory (1911-1913)

  2. Palacio de los Deportes

Other Works:

  1. Deutscher Werkbund Exhibition Factory

  2. New Civic Center, Boston

  3. US Embassy, Athens

  4. Pan American Building, New York

  5. Harvard Graduate Center

  6. Baghdad University

  7. Bauhaus Building, Germany (1925-1926)

  8. Walter Gropius House, Lincoln MA (1938)

JOHNSON, PHILIP CORTELYOU (July 8, 1906 – January 25, 2005)

  • Background: Influential American architect known as the inventor of the term "International Style".

  • Awards: 1978 American Institute of Architects Gold Medal, 1979 Pritzker Architecture Prize.

Dictum:** “Architecture is the art of how to waste space.”

Famous Projects:

  1. Palacio de los Deportes

Other Works:

  1. William Proctor’s Museum, NY

  2. Theater of the Dance – Lincoln Center

  3. Art Gallery of the University of Nebraska

  4. Amon Carter Museum, Fort Worth, Texas

  5. The Crystal Cathedral, Garden Grove, California (2007)

KHAN, LOUIS (February 20, 1901 – March 17, 1974)

  • Background: American architect known for its unique buildings in the second half of the 20th century.

  • Awards: AIA Gold Medal, RIBA Gold Medal.

  • Dictum: “Architecture is the reaching out for truth.”

Famous Projects:

  1. Yale Art Gallery (1951-1953)

Other Works:

  1. Alfred Newton Richard’s Medical Center

  2. University of Pennsylvania

  3. Unitarian Church, Rochester, NY

  4. Indian Institute of Management

  5. Paul Mellon Center for British Studies

  6. Wharton Esherick Studio

  7. Richards Medical Research Laboratories

  8. Fred E. and Elaine Cox Clever House

  9. Margaret Esherick House

  10. Salk Institute (1959-1965)

  11. Kimbell Art Museum (1966-1972)

KORUKAWA, KUSHO (April 8, 1934 – October 12, 2007)

  • Background: Leading Japanese architect known for founding the Metabolist Movement.

  • Dictum: “Architecture should have the element of growth and change.”

Famous Projects:

  1. Palacio de los Deportes

Other Works:

  1. Capsule House at the Celestial Theme Pavilion

  2. Takara Group Pavilion, Expo ‘70

  3. Sony Tower, Osaka, Japan

  4. Ishikawa Cultural Center

  5. Peace Memorial, Gamagori, Japan

  6. Headquarters of the Japanese Red Cross Society

  7. National Museum of Ethnology

  8. Candela Oceanographique

  9. Los Manatiales Restaurant, Mexico

LATROBE, BENJAMIN H. (May 1, 1764 – September 3, 1820)

  • Identity: British neoclassical architect known for designing the United States Capitol.

Dictum:** “A building is the combination of different geometric figures.”

Famous Projects:

  1. Pope Villa

Other Works:

  1. Capitol, Richmond, Virginia

  2. Bank of Pennsylvania

  3. Sedgeley House

  4. Baltimore Exchange

  5. Decatur House

  6. Old West, Dickinson College

  7. Hammerwood Park

  8. Old Baltimore Cathedral (1816-1821)

  9. Latrobe Gate, Washington Navy Yard

LE CORBUSIER (October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965)

  • Background: Influential architect and pioneer of modern architecture.

Awards:** Frank P. Brown Medal (1961), AIA Gold Medal.

  • Dictum: “The house is a machine to live in.”

Famous Projects:

  1. Notre Dame du Haut (1954)

Other Works:

  1. Le Pavillion de L’Esprit Nouveau

  2. Swiss Pavilion, Cite Universities, Paris

  3. U.N. Secretariat

  4. Dominican Monastery of La Tourette

  5. Visual Arts Center, Harvard University

  6. Villa Cook, France

  7. Villa La Roche, France

  8. Dom-ino House, prototype

  9. Villa Jeanneret-Perret

  10. Villa Savoye (1928-1931)

  11. Unité d'Habitation (1947-1952)

LOOS, ADOLF (December 10, 1870 – August 23, 1933)

  • Contribution: Austrian architect influential in modern European architecture.

  • Dictum: “Supply and demand regulate architectural forms.”

Famous Projects:

  1. Steiner House, Vienna (1910)

Other Works:

  1. American Bar

  2. Scheu House, Vienna

  3. Sugar Mill

  4. Moller House

  5. Ruffer House

  6. Villa Moller, Vienna

  7. Khuner Villa

  8. Villa Winternitz

  9. Candela Oceanographique Cafe Museum, Vienna (1899)

MACKINTOSH, CHARLES RENNIE (June 7, 1868 – December 10, 1828)

  • Contribution: Scottish architect noted for the Arts and Crafts movement and Art Nouveau.

Famous Projects:

  1. Hill House

  2. Glasgow School of Art (1898-1907)

  3. The Willow Tearooms (1903)

MAILLART, ROBERT (February 6, 1872 – April 5, 1940)

  • Identity: Swiss civil engineer, revolutionized the use of reinforced concrete.

  • Dictum: “A bridge is like a house; each bridge must be constructed according to its environment."

Famous Projects:

  1. Schwandbach Bridge (1933)

  2. Salginatobel Bridge (1929-1930)

MENDELSOHN, ERICH (March 21, 1887 – September 15, 1953)

  • Overview: Notable Jewish architect known for dynamic functionalism.

  • Dictum: “Architecture seizes upon space.”

Famous Projects:

  1. Columbushaus (1932)

Other Works:

  1. Metal Worker’s Union

  2. No. 64 Old Church St., Chelsea

  3. Einstein Tower (1921)

  4. De la Warr Pavilion (1935)

LUDWIG, MIES VAN DER ROHE (March 27, 1886 – August 19, 1969)

  • Identity: Noted as "father of modernism", he emphasized simplicity in design.

  • Awards: 1959 Royal Gold Medal, 1960 AIA Gold Medal, 1963 Presidential Medal of Freedom.

  • Dictum: “Less is more; architecture is the will of an epoch translated into space.”

Famous Projects:

  1. German Pavilion (1929)

Other Works:

  1. Tugendhat House

  2. Illinois Institute of Technology

  3. Cullinan Hall (1958)

  4. Chicago Convention Hall

  5. Farnsworth House (1951)

  6. Seagram Building (1958)

NERVI, PIER LUIGI (June 21, 1891 – January 9, 1979)

  • Background: Italian engineer known for skilled use of reinforced concrete.

  • Awards: 1964 AIA Gold Medal.

  • Dictum: “Necessary structural correctness leads to satisfactory aesthetic result.”

Famous Projects:

  1. Priory of Saint Mary and Saint Louis (1962)

Other Works:

  1. UNESCO Auditorium (1958)

  2. Italian Embassy

  3. Australian Embassy

  4. Artemio Franchi Municipal Stadium (1932)

  5. Hangar in Orvieto (1935)

  6. Stadio Olimpico (1932)

  7. Palazzetto dello Sport (1957)

NIEMEYER, OSCAR (December 15, 1907 – December 5, 2012)

  • Identity: Brazilian architect key in developing modern architecture in Brasilia.

  • Dictum: “Form follows beauty; architecture is invention.”

Famous Projects:

  1. National Congress Building of Brasilia (1964)

Other Works:

  1. Ministry of Education

  2. Brazilian Pavilion with Lucio Costa

  3. President's Palace

  4. St. Francis Church

  5. Modern Art Museum (1996)

  6. Cathedral of Brasília (1970)

I.M. PEI (April 26, 1917)

  • Background: Chinese American architect acclaimed for modern architecture, particularly the Louvre Pyramid.

  • Awards: 1979 AIA Gold Medal, 1989 Praemium Imperiale for Architecture, 2003 Lifetime Achievement Award from Cooper-Hewitt.

Famous Projects:

  1. John Hancock Tower (1976)

Other Works:

  1. Park Hotel, Shanghai

  2. Gulf Oil Building

  3. Mile High Center

  4. Collins Place Development

  5. Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank

  6. Grand Louvre and the Pyramids (1989)

  7. National Gallery East Building

PERRET, AUGUSTE (February 12, 1874 - February 25, 1954)

  • Identity: French architect known for pioneering reinforced concrete construction.

  • Dictum: “Truth is indispensable to Architecture."

Famous Projects:

  1. Hotel de Ville, Le Havre

Other Works:

  1. French Atomic Research Center

  2. Garage Ponthieu

  3. The Concert Hall of the École Normale de Musique de Paris

  4. Reconstruction of Le Havre

  5. Church of Notre Dame (1922)

  6. House in the Rue (1904)

RICHARDSON, HENRY HOBSON (September 29, 1838 – April 27, 1886)

  • Overview: Prominent American architect known for Richardsonian Romanesque.

  • Legacy: One of the trinity of American architecture alongside Sullivan and Wright; emphasized monumentality in design.

Famous Projects:

  1. Thomas Crane Public Library (1882)

  2. Marshall Wholesale Store (1890)

  3. Trinity Church (1877)

RUDOLPH, PAUL MARVIN (October 23, 1918 – August 8, 1997)

  • Identity: American architect renowned for complex floor plans and Brutalist design.

  • Contributions: Renowned academic, serving as dean of Yale School of Architecture.

Famous Projects:

  1. Yale Art and Architecture Building (1963)

Other Works:

  1. Lippo Building (1987)

  2. Endo Laboratories, Garden City

  3. Cocoon House

  4. The Greely Forest Laboratory

SAARINEN, EERO (August 20, 1910 – September 1, 1961)

  • Overview: Finnish American architect distinguished for his innovative structural designs.

  • Awards: AIA Gold Medal (1962).

  • Dictum: “Function influences but does not dictate form.”

Famous Projects:

  1. St. Louis Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (1965)

Other Works:

  1. U.S. embassies, London & Oslo

  2. Chapel & Kresge Auditorium

  3. General Motors Technical Center

  4. TJ Watson Research Center

  5. Chapel of Concordia Senior College

  6. Dulles International Airport

  7. TWA terminal (1962)

SAARINEN, ELIEL (August 20, 1873 – July 1, 1950)

  • Overview: Finnish architect notable for his Art Nouveau buildings.

  • Awards: AIA Gold Medal (1947).

  • Dictum: “Beauty grows from necessity, not from repetition of formulas.”

Famous Projects:

  1. Christ Church (1949)

Other Works:

  1. Cranbrook Educational Community (1940s)

  2. Helsinki Central Railway Station (1909)

  3. Des Moines Art Center (1948)

SKIDMORE, OWINGS AND MERRILL (1887 – 1953)

  • Background: Formed in 1936 in Chicago, SOM is one of the largest architectural firms globally.

  • Contributions: Architects of high-end commercial buildings, leading the way to modern international-style skyscrapers.

Famous Projects:

  1. Lever House (1952 - with Gordon Bunshaft)

Other Works:

  1. Connecticut General Life Insurance Building

  2. Air Force Academy

  3. Shaklee Terraces

  4. John Hancock Western Home Office Building

  5. Banque Pambert

  6. Yale Rare Book Library (with G. Bunshaft)

  7. Jin Mao Tower (1999)

  8. Sears Tower (1973)

SULLIVAN, LOUIS HENRY (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924)

  • Identity: Recognized as the father of skyscrapers and modernism.

  • Contributions: Influential architect known for integrating function and form in steel skyscraper design.

  • Awards: Posthumously received the AIA Gold Medal (1944).

  • Dictum: "Form follows function."

Famous Projects:

  1. Auditorium Building, Chicago (1889)

  2. Carson Pirie Scott Store (1899)

  3. Wainwright Building (1890)

TANGE, KENZO (September 4, 1913 – March 22, 2005)

  • Overview: A pivotal architect blending traditional Japanese styles with modernism.

  • Awards: Winner of the Pritzker Prize (1987).

  • Dictum: “Modern architecture need not be Western.”

Famous Projects:

  1. St. Mary's Cathedral, Tokyo (1964)

Other Works:

  1. Tokyo City Hall (1991)

  2. Kagawa Prefectural Government Building, the east & main offices (1958/2000)

  3. National Gymnasium (1964, Olympic Games)

  4. Tokyo Plan (1960)

  5. Hiroshima Peace Museum (1955)

  6. Yoyogi National Gymnasium (1964)

VITRUVIUS (c. 80–70 BC - after c. 15 BC)

  • Identity: Renowned Roman architect famous for his work "De architectura."

  • Influence: Stated that architecture must meet the three requirements: strength, beauty, utility.

Famous Projects:

  1. De Architectura

Other Works:

  • Design of drainage wheel

  • Dewatering Machines & Surveying instruments

  • Roman orders & capitals

WAGNER, OTTO KOLOMAN (July 13, 1841 – April 11, 1918)

  • Overview: Austrian architect and teacher advocating a break from historicist architecture.

  • Dictum: “Nothing that is not practical can be beautiful.”

Famous Projects:

  1. Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station (1899)

  2. Church of the Steinhof Asylum (1907)

  3. Post Office Savings Bank of Vienna (1906)

  4. Majolica House (1899)

WALLACE, HARRISON KIRKMAN (September 28, 1895 – December 2, 1981)

  • Contribution: Architect recognized for mid-twentieth-century modernist public projects.

  • Awards: 1967 - AIA Gold Medal.

Famous Projects:

Other Works:

  1. Rockefeller Apartments (1936)

  2. The Corning Museum of Glass (1951)

  3. The New York Hall of Science (1964)

  4. Trylon and Perisphere for the 1939 New York World's Fair

  5. Exxon Building (1971)

  6. Time-Life Building (1958)

  7. United Nations Headquarters (1962)

WREN, CHRISTOPHER (October 20, 1632 – February 25, 1723)

  • Legacy: Acclaimed English architect responsible for rebuilding churches after the Great Fire of London.

  • Notable Work: St. Paul's Cathedral.

Famous Projects:

Other Works:

  1. Whitehall Palace (1675)

  2. Winchester Palace

  3. Greenwich Hospital, north front (1712)

  4. Hampton Court (1702)

  5. St. Paul Cathedral (1677)

WRIGHT, FRANK LLOYD (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959)

  • Overview: An American architect emphasizing harmony between humanity and the environment, known for his Organic architecture philosophy.

  • Awards: 1939 - Royal Institute of British Architects gold medal; 1949 - American Institute of Architects gold medal.

  • Dictum: “Less is only more where more is no good.”

Famous Projects:

Other Works:

  1. Imperial Hotel, Tokyo (1923)

  2. Johnson Wax Company Building (1939)

  3. Larkin Administration Building (1906)

  4. Tokyo Plan (1960)

  5. Unity Temple (1908)

  6. Taliesin (studio)

  7. Taliesin West

  8. Fallingwater (1939)

  9. Robie House or “Prairie House” (1910)

  10. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (1959)

YAMASAKI, MINORU (December 1, 1912 – February 7, 1986)

  • Identity: American architect known for the design of the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center.

Famous Projects:

  1. Pacific Science Center (1962)

  2. Torre Picasso (1988)

  3. World Trade Center (1973)

  4. Rainier Tower (1977)