ANAT303

THERE ARE THREE SITES OF NEEDLE INJECTION:

  1. FEMORAL ARTERY – most frequently used due to its large diameter.
  2. CAROTID ARTERY
  3. RADIAL ARTERY

LATEX INJECTION: -Used in identifying blood vessels, allowing arteries & veins to appear more prominently.

  • Resembles appearance of milk. ( RED OR BLUE)   CONSIST OF: 62% LATEX POWDER, 7% AMMONIA HYDROXIDE, 31% WATER.

LATEX SOLUTION SOLIDIFIES WHEN: STORED LOW TEMPERATURES  HIGH PRESSURE  ALLOWED TO DRY  ACID MEDIUM. ADVANTAGES OF LATEX SOLUTION:  PREDICTABLE RESISTANCE.  DEEP PENETRATION.  FASTER PROCEDURE: -Allow 2 weeks to pass following embalming. -Pressure be set at 1Kpa -For even distribution place 5ml of ammonia in blood vessels as it will clear blood like clot…etc -After injection its solidifies after 1-2 weeks -1 litre of pigmented solution is enough for adult cadaver.

  • Cadaver is ready for dissection ( 6-10 weeks) to be ready for dissections.

ORGANS RETENTION: -NATIONAL HEALTH ACT 61 ( 2003) , CHAPTER 8 --- LAWS GOVERNING USE OF BLOOD, BLOOD PRODUCTS,TISSUE AND GAMETES PUBLISHED BY THIS.

For academic purposes, donation, analysis.

RETENTION OF BONES: TO PRODUCE SKELETAL MATERIAL STEPS… 1.DEBONING- removal of soft tissues 2.MACERATION- cooking of bones about (3-4 days)- (70-100 degree Celsius) 200-200g of potassium hydroxide pellets(male) & 150-200g (females) after 30 minutes after boiling. -children bones are boiled for 6 hours. 3.DEFATTING – removal of fats in bones using lipolytic solvent( 2-3days).

  • the bones are bleached by soaking them in 30 – 35 litres of hydrogen peroxide 30% w/v solution for 12-14 hours.   -the bleached bones are then washed with water & soaked in 30-35 litres of acetone for 12 hrs to degrease them.

RESIN CASTING OF KIDNEYS: DAY 1 : DISSECTION & WASHING -After cutting , kidneys are submerged in 3% formalin overnight. DAY 2: RESIN INJECTION. -200ml blue resin injected to IVC(hardens after 20 mins) -100ml red resin injected to aorta (30 mins) -50ml yellow resin injected to each ureter(24-28hrs). DAY 3: AFTER HARDENING -submerge in hydrochloric acid(3-5 days) for maceration.

RESIN CASTING OF BRONCHI TREE: DAY1 : -70% alcohol introduced through trachea & left overnight. DAY 2: -Remove from alcohol to aerated water for alcohol removal. -Fill lungs with 12% galatin ( for expansion of lungs). -inject green resin in trachea ( 36-48hrs to harden) -After hardened lungs are macerated in HCL for 8-10 days the lungs are ready for museum.

RESIN CAST OF LIVER: DAY 1 -3% formalin injected all vessels & liver left in 3% formalin overnight. Day 2 (i) Yellow resin solution is injected in the gallbladder (ii) Red resin solution is injected into the arteries (iii) Blue resin solution is injected into hepatic vein (iv) Purple resin solution is injected into portal vein

  • Then left(36hrs) to harden.
  • Once hardened , liver placed in HCL(7-9days) for maceration.

PLASTINATION:

Specialized preservation technique invented by German Anatomist prof Gunther von Hagens . Removal of water, lipids from tissues & replacing them with plastic polymer using forced impregnation.

TYPES OF PLASTINATION COMMONLY USED: 1.S10 (SILICON) – 2.E12 (EPOXY) – epoxy slices 3.P40 (POLYESTHER)

STAGES OF PLASTINATION: 1.PREPARATION OF PLASTINATION – Involves fixation, harvesting, dissecting & slicing. 2.DEHYDRATION – removal of water & lipids from cells, bring replaced by ketone or alcohol. 3.FORCED IMPREGNATION – replacement of ketone or alcohol with plastic polymer. 4. CURING – hardening.

E12: 1.SPECIMENT PRAPERATION:

Select specimen, freeze(-20 degrees c) & slice ( thickness be 1.5 – 3 mm). 2.DEHYDRATION: Slices placed at 20% acetone then to cold room. If the conc. of acetone drops it then placed to new 30% acetone. TAKES 6-10 WEEKS!! (100% acetone eventually).

  1. IMPREGNATION:

Presence of bubbles in tissues presence removal of acetone by plastination fluid. After bubbles stops means its fully impregnated.

E12 SOLUTION MADE UP OF: E12: 95 PARTS (PLASTINATION FLUID) E1 : 28 PARTS ( HARDENER) AE1O : 10 PARTS ( PLASTICISER)

P40 TECHNIQUE: -1

Brain slides are fixed in 10 formaldehyde for 6 month to prevent shrinkage & be hard enough for slicing( 2-3mm thickness) Add 20% gelatin for cooling DEHYDRATION:  Body slices are placed on 100% acetone ( -20 degree Celsius),after 3-4 days to the second bath of 100 % acetone.  They are considered fully dehydrated & ready for impregnation when if conc of acetone is >99% , if not they are placed to acetone baths once more!!

COMPOSITION/WHAT IS P40 MADE UP OF: E12( PLASTINATION FLUID) E1 ( HARDENER) AE10 (PLASTICISOR) AE30 ( GLASS SEPARATOR)