week 2
collectivism: Giving priority to the goals of one’s groups (often, one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly
defensive pessimism: The adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one’s anxiety to motivate effective action.
dual attitudes: Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits.
explanatory style: A person’s habitual way of explaining life events. A negative, pessimistic, and depressive explanatory style attributes failures to stable, global, and internal causes.
false consensus effect: The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviours
false uniqueness effect: The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable or successful behaviours
illusion of transparency: The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others.
impact bias: Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.
independent self: Construing one’s identity in relation to others
individualism: The concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
interdependent self: Construing one’s identity as an autonomous self.
learned helplessness: The hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events.
planning fallacy: The tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task
self-concept: How a person answers the question “Who am I?” provides a glimpse of their self-concept.
self-efficacy: A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one’s sense of self-worth. A sharpshooter in the military might feel high self-efficacy and low self-esteem.
self-esteem: A person’s overall self- evaluation or sense of self-worth.
self-handicapping: Protecting one’s self-image with behaviours that create a handy excuse for later failure.
self-monitoring: Being attuned to the way you present yourself in social situations and adjusting your performance to create the desired impression.
self-presentation: The act of expressing yourself and behaving in ways designed to create a favourable impression or an impression that corresponds to your ideals
self-schemas: Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information
self-serving attributions: A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to yourself and negative outcomes to other factors.
self-serving bias: The tendency to perceive yourself favourably
social comparison: Evaluating your abilities and opinions by comparing yourself to others.
spotlight effect: The belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance than they really are.
temporal comparisons: Comparisons between how the self is viewed now and how the self was viewed in the past or how the self is expected to be viewed in the future.