William Sydney Porter: A renowned American short story writer famous for his surprise endings. He utilized the pen name O. Henry. His notable works include The Gift of the Magi, Cabbages and Kings, and The Last Leaf.
American Literary Figures: Notable American writers include Mark Twain, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Edgar Allan Poe. Geoffrey Chaucer, the author of The Canterbury Tales, is a notable exception as he is an English writer, not American.
James Joyce: The author of the novel Ulysses, which chronicles the passage of the character Leopold Bloom through Dublin during an ordinary day on June 16, 1904. The title of the work is an allusion to Odysseus, the hero of Homer's Odyssey.
Robert Frost: An American poet whose works commonly explore themes of decision-making and fate.
Dante Alighieri: The author of the Divine Comedy, which was originally titled Comedia.
Herman Melville and Moby Dick: In the context of the novel, whaling is treated as a pursuit that has no famous author and no famous chronicles.
Lyric Poetry: The Psalms of King David are considered among the greatest lyric poems in world literature.
Children's Literature: The Butcher, the Baker and the Candlestick Maker is a collection of stories for children written by Gilda Cordero Fernando.
Filipino Literature and Authors
Manuel Arguilla: One of the most important Filipino writers of all time, known for the Juan Tamad series and the short story "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife." His writing is celebrated for its use of Local Color.
Aurelio Tolentino: Known as the "Ama ng Dulang Kapampangan" (Father of Kapampangan Drama).
Pedro Paterno: Wrote Ninay in 1907, which is recognized as the first Tagalog novel.
Dr. Jose Rizal's Poetry:
Sa Aking Mga Kababata: A poem written by Rizal as a young poet where he advocated for the use of one's native tongue (mother tongue).
Mi Primera Inspiración: Rizal's first poem, written in 1874 before he turned 14 during his third academic year at Ateneo de Municipal; it was dedicated to his mother, Doña Teodora Alonso, upon her release from prison.
Himno al Trabajo: A poem requested by his friends from Lipa, Batangas, in 1888 in response to the Becerra Law and to address the hardships of the Lipeños.
Mi Ultimo Adios: An elegy written by Rizal the night before his execution. It was first translated into Tagalog by Andres Bonifacio.
Filipino Press: Antonio Luna was the founder and editor of the newspaper La Independencia.
Pen Names: While Jose Rizal used "Dimasalang," Marcelo H. del Pilar used the pen name Plaridel.
Linguistics, Grammar, and Pedagogy
Vocabulary and Terminology:
Equanimity: Refers to composure, especially under tension or stress.
Pulchritude: A term for feminine comeliness or physical beauty.
Bait: Worms used by fishermen as a lure to catch fish.
Adopt: To take up or use a specific method (e.g., a researcher adopting a method).
English Grammar and Usage:
Subjunctive Mood: Use "would" for hypothetical conditions (e.g., "If I were you, I would not be joining the contest").
All together vs. Altogether: "All together" refers to a group in one place (e.g., members of a congregation being all together inside a conference room).
Pronouns: Use "me" in compound objects (e.g., "This seatwork is difficult for Paul and me").
Homophones: Distinguishing between "they're" (they are) and "their" (possessive) (e.g., "The laborers are so happy that they're now reaping the fruit of their efforts").
Figures of Speech:
Personification: Attributing human qualities to non-human things (e.g., "A tree whose hungry mouth is pressed against the earth's sweet flowing breast").
Antithesis: A contrast of ideas expressed by parallelism of words that are the opposites of each other (e.g., "Better to reign in Hell, than to serve in Heaven").
Simile: A comparison using "as" or "like" (e.g., "fair as a star when only one is shining in the sky").
Language Teaching and Learning:
Audiolingualism: A language teaching approach that prioritizes Pronunciation.
Second Language Hindrance: Cross-cultural issues are considered the biggest hindrance in learning a second language.
Punctuation: A comma indicates a slight pause.
Literature Forms:
Didactic Literature: Literary pieces written by moralists to inform and teach moral lessons.
Rubric: A measuring instrument best used for assessing complex performances like oral recitation.
Mathematics and Geometry
Mathematical History: Evariste Galois was a great mathematician who died tragically at age 20 after being shot in the abdomen during a duel over a woman.
Algebraic Properties:
Commutative Property of Multiplication: States that the order of factors does not change the product (x2(x+4)=(x+4)x2).
Transitive Property: If a=b and b=c, then a=c.
Arithmetic and Number Theory:
Prime Numbers: There are 10 prime numbers less than 31 (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29).
Prime Factors: The prime factors of 273 are 3×7×13.
Least Common Multiple (LCM): The LCM of 4 and 6 is 12.
Greatest Common Divisor (GCD): The GCD of 6, 12, and 18 is 6.
Percentages: To find what percent of 21 is 52, calculate 2152=54=80%.
Price Adjustments: An item price increased by 40% and then reduced by 40% results in a net decrease of 16% (1.40×0.60=0.84).
Integer Operations: If the sum of two integers is 4 and the difference is 10, the integers are 7 and −3; the smaller integer is −3.
Consecutive Integers: If the sum of three consecutive integers is 0, the integers are −1,0,1, and their product is 0.
Geometry:
Equilateral Triangle: The area of an equilateral triangle with side s=6 is 93 using the formula Area=4s23.
45-45-90 Triangle: If one side is 5cm, the hypotenuse is 52cm.
Square: A square with a diagonal of 8 inches has an area of 32sq. in. using Area=2d2.
Rectangular Lot: A diagonal path of 13m and one side of 12m implies the shorter side is 5m (Pythagorean triple 5−12−13).
Clock Angles: At 4:30 AM, the angle between the hands of a clock is 45∘.
Angle Types: A pair of angles that add up to 360∘ are called Explementary or Conjugate angles.
Statistics and Measurement:
Pie Graph: Illustrates how a portion of data relates to the whole.
Filipino Language and Linguistics
Alphabet History: In 1987, the alphabet was changed and labeled as the "Pinagyamang Alpabeto".
Linguistic Units:
Ponema: The meaningful sounds of a language. The Filipino alphabet contains 28 phonemes.
Balbal: The lowest informal level of language, often created through slang or shortening/lengthening words.
Ekolek: Language used specifically within the household or school environment (classroom).
Grammar (Balarila):
Aspekto ng Pandiwa: "Pupurihin" is in the Kontemplatibo (future) aspect.
Panaguri: In the sentence "Mabango ang bagong bukang sampagita," the predicate (panaguri) is Mabango.
Panghalip: The word "hayun" is a demonstrative pronoun (Panghalip).
Metatesis: A morphophonemic change found in words like NIYAYA, NILINIS, and NILIPAD.
Awiting Bayan (Folk Songs):
Sambotani: A song of victory.
Dung-aw: A traditional song for wakes or funerals.
Poetic Forms:
Oda (Ode): A lively poem praising the deeds of a person or group with no fixed syllable count or stanzas.
Tanka: A Japanese poem consisting of 31 syllables (though transcript mentions 28 in a specific context).
Haiku: A short Japanese poem consisting of 17 syllables.
General Science and Ecology
Ecology:
Autecology: The branch dealing with individual organisms or species and their adaptations to the environment.
Father of Modern Ecology: Eugene Odum.
Symbiosis: The relationship between a clownfish and sea anemone is Mutualism.
Abiotic Factors: Non-living components such as salinity, temperature, and waves.
Biome: A term associating climate with vegetation and animal life. The Tundra is a biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons.
Physical Science:
Newton's Laws: The propulsion of jets and rockets is based on the Law of Interaction (3rd Law).
Physical Change: The melting of butter is a physical change, unlike rusting, souring, or ripening which are chemical changes.
Heat vs. Temperature: Two beakers of boiling water are at equal temperatures (100∘C), but the beaker with more volume (600 mL vs 150 mL) contains more thermal energy.
Light and Sound: Light travels fastest in a vacuum. Sound travels faster through solids like copper compared to water or air. The loudness of sound is associated with its amplitude.
Biology:
Cell Solutions: A hypertonic solution will cause cells to shrink or shrivel.
Brain Anatomy: The medulla oblongata controls heartbeat, breathing, and digestion.
Mitosis: The correct sequence of stages is Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
Taxonomy: The hierarchy from largest to smallest is Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
Macromolecules: Polysaccharides, triglycerides, polypeptides, and nucleic acids are Macromolecular.
Earth Science:
Earthquakes: The largest earthquake in a series is known as the Mainshock.
Weathering: The process of transforming rocks into smaller pieces.
Big Bang Theory: Supports the idea that the universe will have background radiation.
Social Science, History, and Law
Philippine History and Geography:
Diplomacy: Felipe Agoncillo was the first Filipino diplomat who represented the Philippines in negotiations leading to the Treaty of Paris in 1898.
Revolutionary Army: Gregorio del Pilar is known as the youngest General of the Philippine Revolutionary Army.
Rivers: The Agusan River in Eastern Mindanao is the third largest; its water rises in the Pacific Cordilleras and flows northward to Butuan Bay.
Authoritative Figures: Rafael Izquierdo was famous for his "Iron Fist" type of government in the Philippines.
Ancient Filipinos: Antonio de Morga, author of Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, noted that ancient Filipinos had an army and navy with artillery.
Political Science and Law:
Checks and Balances: An example of the Judiciary checking the Legislative branch is declaring a legislative measure unconstitutional.
Writ of Amparo: A fundamental right invoked to protect the right to life, liberty, and security; it specifically guards against unlawful disappearances.
Eminent Domain (Expropriation): The power of the state to acquire private property for public purpose upon payment of just compensation.
Taxation: Excise Tax is an example of an indirect tax.
Apartheid: An official policy of segregation practiced in South Africa starting in 1948.
International Knowledge:
Ghana: Called the "Land of Gold" due to the great flow of precious metal.
South China Sea: Claimants include Vietnam and the Philippines; Cambodia is noted as an exception in the claims list.
Social and Behavioral Science:
Social Responsibility: Manifested through concern for others and assistance to the disadvantaged, but NOT through self-interest.
Introspection: The process of studying oneself closely in a quiet, reflective mood.
Arts and Culture
Austrian Composer: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was the famous Austrian opera "Child Prodigy" during the Classical Period.
Filipino Art and Artists:
Sculpture: Eduardo Castrillo is a famous sculptor of landmark structures.
Indie Film: Kidlat Tahimik is considered the "Father of the Philippine Indie Film."
Folk Dances: Pandanggo sa Ilaw originated from Mindoro; Cariñosa originated from Panay Island; Itik-Itik originated from Surigao del Sur.
Philippine Icons: Examples of Filipino culture include the Philippine jeep, tinalak woven cloth, higanteng Angono, and the holy week cenaculo.
Miss Universe: Margarita Moran was the third Filipina to win the Miss Universe title.