DM

STS-GROUP-1-DISCOVERY

Historical and Antecedent of Science & Technology

  • Groups studying the evolution of science and technology.

Evolution of Science and Technology

  • Examination of key discoveries and innovations over time.

  • Example: The Wheel (Ancient Mesopotamia, 3500 BCE)

    • Demonstrates the synergy between science (understanding physics) and technology (creation of the wheel).

  • History of science and technology reveals how they shaped human civilization.

Definition of Science and Technology

Science

  • Origin of the word from Latin "scientia," meaning knowledge.

  • A systematic method involving observation, experimentation, and reasoning.

Technology

  • Derived from the Greek "techne" (art/skill) and "logia" (study).

  • Application of scientific knowledge to create tools, systems, and solutions.

  • Example: The Lycurgus Cup (Roman Empire, 4th Century CE)

    • Changes color based on light angles, an early example of nanotechnology.

Ways Science is Viewed

  1. As an Idea: Theories and explanations about natural phenomena.

  2. As an Intellectual Activity: Systematic study and experimentation.

  3. As a Body of Knowledge: Organized discipline of scientific understanding.

  4. As a Personal/Social Activity: Tools for real-world problem-solving and improving life.

Antecendents

  • comes from the latin word “antecedens” meaning going before or precedinging.

  • refers to earlier discoveries

  • Example: The Atomic Theory

Key Scientific Concepts

Hypothesis

  • An educated guess formulated as an "if-then" statement.

  • Tested with data to be accepted or rejected.

Theory

  • A well-substantiated explanation from repeated observations.

  • Example: The Theory of Evolution explains species changes through natural selection.

Paradigm & Paradigm Shifts

  • Paradigm: A widely accepted scientific framework.

  • Paradigm Shift: New evidence causing drastic changes in beliefs.

Historical Context: Ancient Civilizations

  • Discoveries driven by survival needs, trade, warfare, and curiosity.

  • Ancient civilization contributions laid the groundwork for advancements in science and technology.

Science & Technology in Mesopotamia

Cuneiform Writing

  • Earliest known writing system using clay tablets for record-keeping.

  • Facilitated economic transactions, literature, and trade.

Mathematics

  • Developed a base-60 numeral system influencing time (60 seconds/minute, etc.).

  • was also used in geometry creating 360 degree circles.

Astronomy

  • Created lunar calendars and recorded celestial movements aiding eclipse predictions.

Engineering and Architecture

Ziggurats

  • Pyramid-like structures for religious purposes, built from sun-dried bricks.

Ancient Wheel

  • Sumerians credited for the wheel, revolutionizing transportation.

Chariots

  • Sumerians invented chariots, changing military tactics.

Science & Technology in Egypt

Hieroglyphic Writing

  • Writing on papyrus began around 3000 BCE.

  • Allowed for more efficient record-keeping than stone tablets.

  • pith of a plant called cyperus papyrus

Mathematics

  • Knowledge of geometry for architectural engineering, algebra for solving equations.

Engineering and Architecture

Pyramids

  • Great Pyramid of Giza showcases engineering precision using ramps and levers.

Shadoof

  • Ancient irrigation tool used for lifting water, promoting agricultural efficiency.

  • hand-operated device

Science & Technology in India

Metallurgy

  • Study of metallic elements and their behaviors; process of extracting metals.

Ayurveda

  • Ancient health care system emphasizing balance for maintaining health.

  • “science of life”

Science & Technology in Greece

Antikythera Mechanism

  • World’s oldest known mechanical computer, predicting astronomical positions.

  • similar to a clock for it has circular face

Alarm Clock of Plato

  • Hydraulic device for waking people, a precursor to modern alarm clocks.

  • First awakening device for people

Archimedes Screw

  • Device for raising water used in irrigation and hydroelectric power applications.

Medicine

  • Hippocrates and others advanced clinical observation and surgical techniques.

  • Greek doctors: Herophilos, Erasistratus

Historical Context: Medieval Times

  • Often considered the "Dark Ages" with a deterioration of culture and science, yet advancements occurred.

Influences in Medieval Innovations

  • Military Technologies: Counterweight trebuchet and longbows for warfare.

  • Agricultural Innovations: Horse harnessing and three-field crop rotation to improve farming.

  • Medical Advancements: Innovations in ophthalmology and hygiene practices.

Modern Times (1590-1929)

  • Rapid industrialization requiring greater efficiency in every sector of society.

Innovations in Modern Science & Technology

Compound Microscope

  • Major advancement in biology and medicine.

Telescope

  • Critical for astronomy, first invented by Galileo.

Jacquard Loom

  • Pioneering technology that influenced modern computing.

Engine-Powered Airplane

  • Credit to the Wright Brothers for demonstrating flight principles.

Television

  • Invention attributed to John Logie Baird.

Science, Technology, and Nation Building

  • Historical evolution crucial to shaping economic and social fabric of nations.

Pre-Colonial Philippines

  • Indigenous knowledge impacted agriculture, architecture, and everyday life.

Colonial Impact

  • Spanish introduced new crops and technologies.

  • Establishment of schools and hospitals during colonization.

American Influence

  • Infrastructure and public health improvements from the American occupation.

Post-Colonial Expansion

  • Establishment of research institutions and advancements in education and industry.

Conclusion

  • Science and technology's historical and antecedent developments significantly influenced society's growth and innovation, enhancing education, healthcare, and overall progress.