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Q: What is electromagnetic radiation?
A: A form of energy that travels in waves.
Q: What does the electromagnetic spectrum show?
A: The visible region and other types of waves arranged by frequency and wavelength.
Q: What are the three wave properties?
A: Wavelength (λ), frequency (ν), and the speed of light (c).
Q: What is wavelength (λ)?
A: The distance between two consecutive similar points in a wave; measured in meters or nm.
Q: What is frequency (ν)?
A: The number of cycles in one second; measured in hertz (Hz).
Q: What is the speed of light?
A: The speed at which all electromagnetic radiation travels.
Q: How are wavelength and frequency related?
A: They are inversely proportional.
Q: What are examples of electromagnetic radiation?
A: Gamma rays, X-rays, UV, visible light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves.
Q: What is the visible region?
A: The part of the spectrum we can see.
Q: What is the photoelectric effect?
A: The emission of electrons from a metal surface when light shines on it.
Q: Who proposed that all EM radiation is particle-like?
A: Albert Einstein.
Q: What is a photon?
A: A “packet” or quantum of energy.
Q: What determines if the photoelectric effect occurs?
A: The frequency of the light hitting the metal.
Q: What happens when light of enough frequency hits a metal surface?
A: Electrons are ejected from the surface.
Q: What did Bohr’s model propose?
A: Electrons orbit the nucleus through specific energy levels.
Q: What happens when an electron moves from a higher to a lower energy level?
A: Energy is emitted.
Q: What happens to the energy spacing as levels get farther from the nucleus?
A: The spacing between energy levels decreases.
Q: What is the ground state?
A: The lowest energy level of an atom.
Q: What is the excited state?
A: When an electron moves to a higher energy level.
Q: What are quantum numbers?
A: Numbers that describe electron energy levels and orbitals.
Q: What does the principal quantum number (n) indicate?
A: The main energy level of an electron.
Q: What does the angular momentum quantum number (l) indicate?
A: The shape of the orbital.
Q: What does the magnetic quantum number (mₗ) indicate?
A: The orientation of an orbital around the nucleus.
Q: What does the spin quantum number (mₛ) indicate?
A: The spin direction of the electron.
Q: What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
A: No two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers.
Q: What is Hund’s Rule?
A: Electrons fill orbitals singly with parallel spins before pairing up.
Q: What is the Aufbau Principle?
A: Electrons occupy the lowest energy orbital available first.
Q: What are orbitals?
A: Regions around the nucleus where electrons are likely to be found.
Q: What is electron configuration?
A: The arrangement of electrons in an atom.
Q: What are the sublevels?
A: s, p, d, and f orbitals within an energy level.