Anatomy and Physiology

abdominopelvic cavity	division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the abdominal and pelvic viscera
anabolism	assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules
anatomical position	standard reference position used for describing locations and directions on the human body
anatomy	science that studies the form and composition of the body's structures
anterior	describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as ventral
anterior cavity	larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as ventral cavity
catabolism	breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules
caudal	describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as inferior
cell	smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles
computed tomography (CT)	medical imaging technique in which a computer-enhanced cross-sectional X-ray image is obtained
control center	compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector
cranial	describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as superior
cranial cavity	division of the posterior (dorsal) cavity that houses the brain
deep	describes a position farther from the surface of the body
development	changes an organism goes through during its life
differentiation	process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function
distal	describes a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
dorsal	describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as posterior
dorsal cavity	posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to the posterior body cavity
effector	organ that can cause a change in a value
frontal plane	two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions
gross anatomy	study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to as macroscopic anatomy
growth	process of increasing in size
homeostasis	steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain
inferior	describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as caudal
lateral	describes the side or direction toward the side of the body
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)	medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body
medial	describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body
metabolism	sum of all of the body's chemical reactions
microscopic anatomy	study of very small structures of the body using magnification
negative feedback	homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body's physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed
normal range	range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center
nutrient	chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival
organ	functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues
organ system	group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function
organism	living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life
pericardium	sac that encloses the heart
peritoneum	serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs found there
physiology	science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body's functions
plane	imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body
pleura	serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity and covers the lungs
positive feedback	mechanism that intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition in response to a stimulus
positron emission tomography (PET)	medical imaging technique in which radiopharmaceuticals are traced to reveal metabolic and physiological functions in tissues
posterior	describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as dorsal
posterior cavity	posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to as dorsal cavity
pressure	force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance
prone	face down
proximal	describes a position nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
regional anatomy	study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions
renewal	process by which worn-out cells are replaced
reproduction	process by which new organisms are generated
responsiveness	ability of an organisms or a system to adjust to changes in conditions
sagittal plane	two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides
section	in anatomy, a single flat surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut through
sensor	(also, receptor) reports a monitored physiological value to the control center
serosa	membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serous membrane
serous membrane	membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serosa
set point	ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which a physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis
spinal cavity	division of the dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord; also referred to as vertebral cavity
superficial	describes a position nearer to the surface of the body
superior	describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as cranial
supine	face up
systemic anatomy	study of the structures that contribute to specific body systems
thoracic cavity	division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea
tissue	group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function
transverse plane	two-dimensional, horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions
ultrasonography	application of ultrasonic waves to visualize subcutaneous body structures such as tendons and organs
ventral	describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as anterior
ventral cavity	larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as anterior body cavity
X-ray	form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases; used in medicine as a diagnostic aid to visualize