30 Required Models & Theories for AP Human Geography (copy)

Unit 1:

Latitude vs Longitude

  • Latitude: Based on the equator, horizontal

  • Longitude: Based on the prime meridian, vertical

GIS

  • Used to layer different maps to show patterns in data.

Raveinsteins Laws of Migration

  • Common patterns that migrants share:

    • Most move a short distance.

    • Migration goes by steps.

    • Long distance migrants more likely to move to big cities.

    • All migration flows have a counterflow.

    • People of rural areas are more likely to migrate.

    • Men are more likely to migrate long distances while women are more likely to migrate short distances.

    • Migrants are mostly adults not families.

    • Urban areas mostly grow from in migration not nauturally.

    • Migration increases with more transportation and economic opportunities.

    • Mostly from rural to urban.

    • Economic factors are the main cause of migration.

Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition

  • Talks about what type of migration is most likely to happen depending on the demographic stage a country is in. 

  • Ex. Stage two: rural to urban migration. Stage five: urban to suburban migration.

Unit 3:

S-Curve

  • Shows the speed at which ideas are adopted. 

  • Things start picking up slowly, then quickly become popular, then cool off.

Unit 4:

Organic Theory

  • Inspired by hitlerr, the idea that countries are like living organisms that go through birth and death and need "nourishment" (acquiring less powerful states to survive). Without expansion, the state woulld die.

Mackinders Heartland Theory

  • The key to achieving global power is to conquer Eastern Europe/Russia.

Spymans Rimland Theory

  • Key to global power would be to conquer the UK, India and China.

Domino Theory

  • The idea during the cold war that if one country "fell" to Communism, the surrounding countries would also fall like dominoes. 

Unit 5:

Von Thunen Model

  • Shows where industries are located. With four rings around the city, the first ring with dairy farming + market gardening, the second with forests, the third with grains + field crops, and the fourth with ranching and livestock.

Ester Boserups Theory

  • The idea that food production will increase based on population increase.

Unit 6:

Rostows Stages

  • Countries industries develop in 5 stages over time, 

    • Stage one: Traditional Society

    • Stage two: Preconditions to take off

    • Stage three: Take off

    • Stage four: Drive to maturity

    • Stage five: High mass consumption

Webers Least Cost

  • The pattern with industries is that the transportation costs of raw materials to the factory and the finished product to the market are the lowest. 

  • Raw materials heavier than the finished product = the factory is closer to the materials.

  • Finished products are more costly to transport than materials = industry is closer to the market.

Unit 7:

Christallers Central Place

  • Based on how far people are willing to travel for work and products. Based on assumptions, creating a hexagon shape of main cities is surrounded by small towns and cities.

Burgess Concentric Zone

  • Describes the layout of a city.

  • The center of the city, the business district, is surrounded by rings of industry/residential areas, with the most wealthy people living the furthest from the center (they wouldn't want to be near the pollution).

Gravity

  • The idea is that people would be more willing to go to certain places over others. For example, a big city like Chicago is more likely to attract people compared to a smaller city like Detriot.

Hoyt Sector

  • A city map where the lowest class lives around transportation, while the upper class lives along business.

Harris Ullman Multiple Nuclei

  • City layout with multiple central business districts.

Borchert Evolution Of the American Urban System

  • Change in the history of urbanization with cities first being developed near ports and major waterways. Then they along railroads and steamboats. In the early 20th century with long haul railroads. To the development of gasoline-powered transportation including cars and planes. Since the 1970s, they have been developing around the service and information technology sectors.

Zipfs Rank Size Rule

  • The formula nth largest city is 1/n of the largest city.

  • Ex. The second largest city in a country is half of the size (population) of the first largest city.

  • We can see this with the US (#1 Los Angeles 3.8 million, #2 Chicago 2.6 million, #3 Houston 2.3 million) 

Bid-Rent Curve

  • The further away from the central city, the higher the land prices.