Study Notes on Femur and Pelvic Girdle

Joints Involved:
- Sacroiliac joint
- Pelvic girdle
- Hip joint
- Femur
- Leg
- Foot
- Symphysis pubis

Anatomical Features:
- Head: The round upper part fitting into the hip joint.
- Fovea capitis: A small depression in the center of the femoral head.
- Neck: Conical section connecting the head to the shaft.
- Greater trochanter: Large bony prominence on the lateral aspect of the femur.
- Anterior Intertrochanteric crest: Ridge located between the greater and lesser trochanters at the proximal femur.
- Lesser trochanter: A smaller prominence on the medial side of the femur just below the neck.
- Body or shaft: The long cylindrical portion of the femur.

Composed of:
- 2 hip bones (also referred to as ossa coxae or innominate bones)
- 1 sacrum
- 1 coccyx

Three Parts of Hip Bone:
1. Ilium:
- Includes features like:
  - Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
  - Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
  - Iliac crest
  - Acetabulum (socket for the hip joint)
  - Ala (wing)
  - Body
  - Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
  - Posterior inferior iliac spine
1. Ischium:
- Features include:
  - Greater sciatic notch
  - Ischial spine
  - Lesser sciatic notch
  - Ischial tuberosity
1. Pubis:
- Includes:
  - Symphysis pubis (joint between the two pubic bones)
  - Superior ramus
  - Inferior ramus
  - Obturator foramen (large opening created by pubis and ischium)

Greater or False Pelvis: The upper part of the pelvic cavity.
Lesser or True Pelvis: The lower part of the pelvic cavity, important for childbirth.
Brim of pelvis: The edge of the true pelvis; separates the true and false pelvis.

General shape:
- Female: Larger angle;
- Male: Smaller angle.
Angle of pubic arch:
- Female: Wide angle (≈ 90°);
- Male: Narrow angle (< 90°).
Shape of inlet:
- Female: Rounder (gynecoid or platypelloid);
- Male: Oval (anthropoid or android).

Male Characteristics:
- Narrower, deeper, less flared pelvic inlet, oval or heart-shaped.
- Narrow angle of pubic arch (<90 degrees).
- Ischial spines: More protrusion into pelvic inlet.
Female Characteristics:
- Wider, shallower, more flared pelvic inlet rounder (gynecoid or platypelloid).
- Wide angle of pubic arch (approximately 90 degrees).
- Less protrusion into pelvic inlet.

Pelvic Joints:
1. Symphysis pubis:
- Classification: Cartilaginous
- Mobility type: Amphiarthrodial (limited movement)
1. Sacroiliac joints:
- Classification: Synovial
- Mobility type: Limited movement with irregular gliding.
1. Union of acetabulum:
- Classification: Cartilaginous
- Mobility type: Synarthrodial (for adults, nonmovable).
1. Hip joints:
- Classification: Synovial
- Mobility type: Diarthrodial (ball and socket type).

The depression or pit located at the center of the femoral head is the:
- A. Acetabulum
- B. Femoral fossa
- C. Fovea capitis
- D. Ossa coxa
Which of the bones of the pelvic girdle is the largest?
- A. Ilium
- B. Ischium
- C. Pubis
- D. Coccyx

Exposure Factors:
- kVp Range: $80-90$ kVp.
- Consider patient age and conditions such as osteoporosis.
- Use of grids might be required for areas greater than $10$ cm.
- Physical markers are mandatory for proper identification.
- Collimation should be applied.
Hip Localization Methods:
- Femoral Head Localization: 1.5 inches (4 cm) from the midpoint.
- Femoral Neck Localization: 2.5 inches (6-7 cm) from the midpoint.

AP Pelvis:
- Rotate limbs internally for optimal view.
- Central Ray (CR) should be directed midway between level of ASIS and symphysis pubis.
Evaluation Criteria for AP Pelvis:
- Entire pelvis and proximal femora must be included.
- No rotation of pelvis observed in the image.
- Lesser trochanters should not be visible.