Untitled Flashcards Set

WATER
Water properties: relatively buoyant and viscous, and has good thermal conductivity (moves heat effectively)

Water is evident to have come from comets/asteroids based on the hydrogen to deuterium ratio similar to that of earth from comets.

The goldilocks zone implies that the world is in its perfect state for life to occur

CARBS

Carbohydrate purpose: quick energy, structure, energy storage

Examples of carbohydrates: Cellulose, Starches (Amylose and Amylopectin), and Glycogen

Difference between the carbohydrates: Cellulose, Amylose, and Amylopectin are found in plants; Glycogen is found in animals. Cellulose is made up of beta-glucose while Amylopectin, amylose, and glycogen are made up of alpha-glucose. Glycosidic bonds are formed in Carbon 1-4 in cellulose and Amylose,, while bonds for Amylopectin, and Glycogen are formed between 1-4 and 1-6. Because of 1-4 and 1-6 bonds, Amylopectin and Glycogen are branched while Amylose and Cellulose are unbranched.

LIPIDS

Lipid purpose: energy storage, protection of internal organs, thermal insulation, buoyancy, hormones, cell-membrane

Lipids have twice as much energy as carbohydrates

Cis-isomers vs Trans-isomers: Cis-isomers are more common in nature, loosely packed, liquid in room temperature; trans fat is opposite.

PROTEINS

Protein purpose: Structure, energy, movement, defense, storage, cell communication, carriers & transport

There are 20 different amino acids

Polymer = polypeptide

Essential amino acids cannot be produced by humans and need to be eaten from foods

Primary Structure: determined by DNA, held together by peptide bonds, slight change in sequence can change protein

Secondary: both beta-pleated sheets, and alpha-helix, held together by hydrogen bonds

Non-conjugated: made of just amino acids

Conjugated: made of amino acids + around another element

Fibrous vs. Globular: Fibrous, long and narrow; globular, round. Fibrous, structural; globular, functional. Fibrous, less sensitive to change in ph/temp; globular more sensitive. Fibrous, insoluble; globular, generally soluble.

ENZYMES

Metabolism: sum of all chemical reactions

Enzyme: increase activation energy (required to trigger chemical reaction)

How it decreases activation energy: Enzyme and substrate bind; ionic bonding with active site weaken/stress bonds in substrate; decreases energy level within transition state; net amount released of reaction is unchanged.

Enzyme properties: reaction specific, works with specific substrate (weak bonds); not consumed in reaction, enzyme can be reused; affected by cell condition; pH, temperature, salinity

Exergonic: Released, digestion, hydrolysis

Endergonic: energy absorb, synthesis, condensation

Denaturation

Temps: low temps, insufficient thermal energy for activation; high temps, increase speed of enzyme, high enzyme activity – high kinetic energy = more collisions; optimal temperature; higher temperature decrease stability; enzyme lose shapes because of high temps/kinetic energy breaking weak bonds

pH: changing pH alter charge of enzyme, change solubility, and shape of molecule; changing shape or charge of active site diminish ability to bind to substrate halts enzyme function; optimum pH

AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY

Temp: optimum temp., heat beyond optimum disrupt bonds, when cold molecules move slower

Activators: cofactors, non-protein and inorganic; coenzyme, non-protein but organic.

INHIBITORS

Intracellular: within cell

Extracellular: out of cell

Competitive: Binding to active site, similar to substrate structurally, blocks active site, prevents substrate binding, reduced by increasing substrate concentration

Non-competitive: allosteric inhibitor to allosteric site, generally irreversible, conformational change of enzyme, enzyme is inactive

Irreversible inhibition: competitior, binds to active site permanently; allosteric, permanently binds to allosteric site, changes shape of enzyme

Irreversible inhibition marks: covalent bonds formed, prevents inhibitor from being released, inactivated enzymes permanently inhibited, restore enzyme activity to synthesize enzymes

Metabolic pathways: divide reactions into small steps, efficient as enzymes are linked (endergonic/exergonic)

Feedback inhibition: product is used by next step, final product inhibits earlier step (first step), allosterically inhibits enzyme, temporary, deactivates enzyme chain