Bio 2201 Unit 2 

Cells and Organelles

Prokaryotic Cells

• Smallest living cells (1-10um)
• No membrane bound organelles
• No nucleus, DNA is found in a region of the cell called a nucleoid
• ex. bacteria cell

Eukaryotic Cell

• Larger in size (10-100um)
• Contains membrane bound organelles
• Nucleus
• Organelles work together to perform cell functions
• ex. plants, animals, and fungi cells

Organelles

• Cell Membrane
    * Gatekeeper
    * Controls the movements of substances in and out
• Cytoplasm
    * A jelly like fluid in which all organelles in a cell are suspended
• Nucleus
    * Brain of the cell
    * Contains nucleolus and genetic material (DNA)
• Nucleolus
    * Site of ribosome production
    * Where the chromatin(uncoiled chromosomes) are found
• Ribosome
    * Responsible for protein synthesis
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
    * Manufacturing and Packaging system
    * Appears bumpy due to ribosomes
    * Proteins travel through the rough ER towards the smooth ER
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
    * Contains no ribosomes
    * synthesis of lipids (testosterone)
• Golgi Apparatus (body)
    * Post office of the cell
    * Completes processing and packaging of molecules and labels where it has to go
• Mitochondria
    * Powerhouse of the cell
    * Energy in molecules is transformed into ATP
• Lysosome $(ANIMAL ONLY)$
    * Recycling center
    * Contains digestive enzymes that break down cell debris and waste
• Vacuole
    * Pantry/cupboard
    * temporary storage and transport of food, water, minerals and waste products
    * Large in animal cells, and many small in plant
• Vesicle
    * Suitcase of the cell
    * transports materials
• Cytoskeleton
    * Internal support system
    * Made of microfilaments and microtabules
    * plays a role in cell organisation
• Microfilaments
    * Provide shape and allow movement
    * Contains actin, found in muscle cells
• Microtabules
    * Act like tracks to help organelles move
• Cilia $(ANIMAL ONLY)$
    * Many short, hair like structures found on cells
• Flagella $(ANIMAL ONLY)$
    * One long, whip like structure used for movement
• Cell Wall $(PLANT ONLY)$
    * Non-living wall that surrounds the cell membrane
    * Provides protection and support/rigidity
    * Made of cellulose
• Chloroplast $(PLANT ONLY)$
    * The site of photosynthesis
    * Contains green pigment chlorophyll

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