Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry – Comprehensive Bullet-Point Notes

Periodic Table & Classification

• Complete modern periodic table including recently named elements

  • Newly named: $^{113}\text{Nh}$ (Nihonium), $^{115}\text{Mc}$ (Moscovium), $^{117}\text{Ts}$ (Tennessine), $^{118}\text{Og}$ (Oganesson)

• Major families (with pneumonics used in class)

  • Group IA – Alkali metals “HaLiNa Kumain ng Rambutan at Casuy sa France.”

  • Group IIA – Alkaline‐earth metals “Beh Magdusa Ca, Señor BarbaRa!”

  • Group IIIA – Triels / Icosagens “Born: Alas-otso ng Gabi in Toril Davao City.”

  • Group IVA – Tetrels / Crystallogens “Choks, SiGe San Pablo.”

  • Group VA – Pnictogens “Nak, Pag-Asawa na sa Sabado Bi.”

  • Group VIA – Chalcogens “Ok Sure Seven-Ten Po Live.”

  • Group VIIA – Halogens “Father Clarence Brought Ice At….”

  • Group VIIIA – Noble gases “He’s NeAring while Krying, Xenging and Running.”

  • B‐sub-groups: IB (Coinage), IIB (Volatile), VIIB (Mn subgroup), VIIB & VIIIB triads, etc.

Analytical/Diagnostic Tables

1. Flame & Cobalt-glass Tests (p 11–12)

• Persistent color in Bunsen flame and under cobalt glass

  • $\text{Na}^+$: intense golden yellow (nil under Co glass)

  • $\text{K}^+$: violet → crimson under Co glass

  • $\text{Li}^+$: carmine red → purple

  • $\text{Ca}^{2+}$: brick-red → light green (exception: appears green without cobalt glass)

  • $\text{Sr}^{2+}$: crimson → purple

  • $\text{Ba}^{2+}$: yellowish green → bluish green (exception: Na = nil)

  • $\text{Cu}^{2+}$ (borate bead)

  • $\text{BO}_3^{3-}$: green

  • $\text{Tl}^+$: green, $\text{Pb}^{2+},\text{As}^{3+/5+},\text{Bi}^{3+},\text{Sb}^{3+/5+},\text{Cu}^+$: blue or yellow as listed

  • $\text{NH}_4^+$: colorless

2. Systematic Anion Analysis (p 13)

3. Systematic Cation Analysis (p 14)

Radiopharmaceuticals & Radiation Units (p 15–16)

• Common diagnostic/therapeutic preparations

  • $^{99\text{m}}\text{Tc}$-Phytate → liver imaging, potency studies

  • $^{99\text{m}}\text{Tc}$-Heptagluconate → kidney imaging, renal function

  • $^{99\text{m}}\text{Tc}$-IDA → hepatobiliary

  • $^{99\text{m}}\text{Tc}$-Etidronate → bone scans

  • Other examples: $^{131}\text{I}$-HSA (blood volume), $^{57}\text{Co}$-cyanocobalamin (pernicious anemia), $\text{NaI}^{125}$ (ocular tumor localization)

• Units of radioactivity

  • Radioactivity: $1\,\text{Ci}=3.7\times10^{10}\,\text{dps}=1\,\text{Bq}$ (SI)

  • Absorbed dose: $1\,\text{rad}=0.01\,\text{Gy}$

  • Dose equivalent: $1\,\text{rem}=0.01\,\text{Sv}$

Group IA – Alkali Metals

Hydrogen (H)

• “Inflammable air”; lightest element; most abundant in universe

• Industrial $\rightarrow$ Messerschmitt process

• Isotopes: protium (¹H), deuterium (²H, D, heavy water $\text{D}_2\text{O}$), tritium (³H, radioactive)

• Water hardness

  • Temporary $\rightarrow$ $\text{Ca/Mg}$ bicarbonates, removed by boiling or adding $\text{OH}^-$

  • Permanent $\rightarrow$ sulfates/chlorides

• $\text{H}<em>2\text{O}</em>2$ (hydrogen peroxide)

  • 10-volume (3 %) & 20-volume (6 %) official; antiseptic (Vincent’s stomatitis)

Pharmaceutical Waters

Lithium (Li) – “Earth/Stone”

• Lightest metal; uses: mood stabilizer (LiBr, $\text{Li}<em>2\text{CO}</em>3$), diuretic, heat exchanger

• Toxicities (‘LMNOP’)

  • L – lithium, Movement disorders (tremor)

  • N – nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

  • O – hypOthyroidism

  • P – Pregnancy problems (Ebstein anomaly)

• Key salts

  • $\text{LiBr}$ – depressant for mania

  • $\text{Li}<em>2\text{CO}</em>3$ – DOC for bipolar disorder

  • $\text{LiOH}$ – $\text{CO}_2$ absorbent (spacecraft)

Sodium (Na) – Natrium

• Most abundant extracellular cation

• Biologic distribution mnemonic: PISO MICO PhIClO SIBO

  • Intracellular cations $\rightarrow$ $\text{K}^+,\,\text{Mg}^{2+}$; anions $\text{PO}<em>4^{3-},\text{SO}</em>4^{2-}$

  • Extracellular cations $\text{Na}^+,\,\text{Ca}^{2+}$; anions $\text{Cl}^-,\,\text{HCO}_3^-$

• Important compounds

  • $\text{NaHCO}_3$ (baking soda): antacid, effervescence; made by Solvay process

  • $\text{Na}<em>2\text{CO}</em>3\cdot10\text{H}<em>2\text{O}$ (Washing soda), $\cdot2\text{H}</em>2\text{O}$ (Trona), anhydrous = soda ash

  • $\text{NaH}<em>2\text{PO}</em>4$ (Fleet enema): saline cathartic, urinary acidifier (with methenamine $\rightarrow$ $\text{HCHO}$)

  • $\text{NaCl}$: NSS $0.9\%$ isotonic; part of Ringer’s and Lactated Ringer’s

  • $\text{NaOH}$ (lye): saponification, caustic

  • $\text{NaOCl}$/Dakin’s: disinfectant; dilute form = Modified Dakin’s

  • $\text{NaNO}<em>2$ (meat preservative, cyanide antidote), $\text{NaNO}</em>3$ (fertilizer)

  • $\text{Na}<em>2\text{S}</em>2\text{O}_3$ (thiosulfate): antidote for iodine & $\text{CN}^-$ toxicity

Potassium (K) – Kalium

• Most abundant intracellular cation; deficiency $\rightarrow$ Barker’s syndrome (paralysis)

• Compounds & uses

  • $\text{KHCOO}_4$ (cream of tartar): cathartic

  • $\text{KBr}$: depressant/sedative

  • $\text{KCl}$: electrolyte replenisher; lethal in execution formula (with midazolam & vecuronium)

  • $\text{KMnO}_4$: volumetric standard, antiseptic (see Mn section)

  • $\text{KI}$: expectorant; $\text{KNO}_3$ – saltpeter (diuretic, preservative)

Cesium (Cs)

• First element discovered via spectroscope; specialty uses in atomic clocks

Ammonium (NH₄⁺)

• “Hypothetical alkali metal”; diuretic, expectorant, buffer

• Salts

  • $\text{NH}_4\text{Br}$: sedative (component of 3-Br & 5-Br elixirs)

  • $\text{NH}_4\text{Cl}$ (sal ammoniac): systemic acidifier, expectorant

  • Strong ammonia solution: $27–31\%\,\text{NH}_3$ (Haber process). Household ≈10 %.

Production Methods (p 25)

• Messerschmitt – $\text{H}_2$

• Solvay – $\text{NaHCO}_3$

• Haber – $\text{NH}_3$

• Dow – $\text{Mg}$ extraction

• Frasch – $\text{S}$ mining

Group IIA – Alkaline-Earth Metals

Beryllium (Be)

• Most toxic metal; chronic exposure $\rightarrow$ berylliosis (lung fibrosis)

Magnesium (Mg)

• 2nd most abundant intracellular cation; central atom of chlorophyll

• Pharmacology: laxative, CNS depressant, physiologic $\text{Ca}^{2+}$ blocker (anticonvulsant)

• Poisoning antidote: $\text{Ca}^{2+}$ gluconate

• Key preparations

  • $\text{Mg(OH)}_2$ Magnesia milk (7–8.5 %) – antacid, laxative

  • $\text{MgSO}_4$ (Epsom salt): cathartic (PO), anticonvulsant (IM), antidote for Ba/barbiturate poisoning

  • $\text{MgO}$ (calcined magnesia) – part of universal antidote

  • Talc (hydrated $\text{MgSiO}_3$): dusting powder, lubricant

Calcium (Ca)

• 2nd most abundant extracellular cation; needs Vit D for absorption

• Roles: coagulation, muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, bone matrix ($\text{Ca}<em>{10}(\text{PO}</em>4)<em>6(\text{OH})</em>2$ hydroxyapatite)

• Deficiency: osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets, tetany

• Salts

  • $\text{CaCO}_3$ (chalk): antacid, toothpaste; made by calcination→slaking

  • $\text{CaCl}_2$: electrolyte replenisher, spider bite therapy

  • $\text{Ca(OH)}_2$: used in infant formula, antacid, saponifying agent

  • Gypsum $\text{CaSO}<em>4\cdot2\text{H}</em>2\text{O}$ (tablet diluent); Plaster of Paris $\text{CaSO}<em>4\cdot\frac12\text{H}</em>2\text{O}$ (casts)

Strontium (Sr)

• Crimson flame; $\text{SrCl}_2$ desensitizing toothpaste, $\text{Sr}$ lactate vs osteoporosis

Barium (Ba)

• Heavy; toxicity = baritosis; antidote $\text{MgSO}_4$

• $\text{BaSO}_4$: radiopaque GI contrast

• $\text{Ba(OH)}<em>2$: $\text{CO}</em>2$ absorber; lithopone pigment with $\text{ZnS}$

Radium (Ra)

• Discovered by Marie Curie; obsolete cancer radiation source

Group IIB – Volatile Metals

Zinc (Zn)

• 2nd most important trace element; galvanizing steel; deficiency = parakeratosis; toxicity = metal fume fever (antidote $\text{NaHCO}_3$)

• Compounds

  • $\text{ZnO}$: antiseptic, protectant (calamine = $\text{ZnO}+\text{Fe}<em>2\text{O}</em>3$ traces)

  • White lotion: $\text{ZnSO}_4+\text{S}\rightarrow\text{ZnS}$ (scabicide)

  • $\text{ZnSO}_4$: ophthalmic astringent (0.25 %), ORS adjunct

Cadmium (Cd)

• Toxicity: Itai-itai disease; antidote = BAL

• $\text{CdS}$ (yellow sulfide) for seborrheic dermatitis; $\text{CdSO}_4$ ocular antiseptic

Mercury (Hg)

• “Messenger of the gods”; toxicities: acrodynia (children), Minamata (organic), Mad Hatter (inorganic)

• Best antidote: sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate → BAL ± penicillamine, DMSA

• Salts

  • $\text{Hg}<em>2\text{Cl}</em>2$ (calomel): cathartic

  • $\text{HgCl}_2$: corrosive sublimate (obsolete disinfectant)

  • $\text{HgNH}_2\text{Cl}$ (ammoniated Hg): topical antiseptic

Group IIIA – Boron Group (Triel)

Boron (B)

• Bridge element (resembles Si); boric acid toxicity = “boiled-lobster” skin

• $\text{H}<em>3\text{BO}</em>3$: ophthalmic buffer, mild antiseptic, tonicity agent

• Borax $\text{Na}<em>2\text{B}</em>4\text{O}<em>7\cdot10\text{H}</em>2\text{O}$: eyewash antiseptic

Aluminum (Al)

• 3rd most abundant element; gives cobalt blue with $\text{CoCl}_2$ test

• Pharmacology: antidiarrheal (constipation), astringent, antiperspirant, burn dressing foil

• Salts

  • $\text{AlCl}<em>3\cdot6\text{H}</em>2\text{O}$: astringent, deodorant

  • Alum $\text{KAl(SO}<em>4)</em>2\cdot12\text{H}<em>2\text{O}$ or $\text{NH}</em>4$ analog: styptic

  • $\text{Al(OH)}_3$: antacid (binds phosphate)

• Aluminum silicates: kaolin (adsorbent), bentonite (suspending), pumice (abrasive)

Gallium (Ga)

• “Eka-Al”; $\text{Ga(NO}<em>3)</em>3$ for cancer-related hypercalcemia

Thallium (Tl)

• “Green twig”; past insecticide; toxicity = alopecia & green tongue; antidote = Prussian blue $\text{Fe}<em>4[\text{Fe(CN)}</em>6]_3$

Group IVA – Carbon Group

Carbon (C)

• Unique catenation; crystalline (diamond/graphite) vs amorphous (bituminous, anthracite)

• $\text{CO}_2$: gray cylinders; respiratory stimulant; dry ice refrigerant; removed by soda lime $(\text{NaOH}+\text{CaO})$

• $\text{CO}$: systemic poison; 210× affinity for hemoglobin → tx: 100 % $\text{O}<em>2$, Carbogen ($\text{CO}</em>2+\text{O}_2$), artificial air ($80\%$ He + $20\%$ O₂), hyperbaric O₂

Silicon (Si)

• $\text{SiO}<em>2$ inhalation → silicosis; antidote $\text{Al}</em>2\text{O}_3$ coating

• Glass modifiers: $\text{MnO}_2$ (de-color), borates (lower expansion), $\text{K}$ (amber), $\text{Pb}$ (high refractive)

• Silicones: simethicone (antiflatulent), dimethicone (skin protectant)

Germanium (Ge) – eka-Si; touted immune/antitumor (unproven)

Tin (Sn)

• $\text{SnF}_2$ 8 %: anticariogenic (fresh prep); alloys: solder, pewter, babbit, etc.

Lead (Pb)

• Toxicity = plumbism (encephalopathy, palsy); acute antidote $\text{Na/MgSO}_4$, chronic = EDTA→BAL→penicillamine

• Lead subacetate solution (“Goulard’s extract”) for inflammations; paints major source of exposure

Group IVB – Titanium Subgroup

• $\text{TiO}_2$: white opacifier, UV sunscreen

• Zirconium compounds: antiperspirant but cause granuloma; Al-Zr chlorohydrate most effective

Group VA – Pnictogens

Nitrogen (N)

• 78 % of air; stored in black cylinders; bends in divers (N₂ bubbles) → replace with He.

Phosphorus (P)

• Allotropes: white (poisonous), red (non-), black (most stable), scarlet, violet. White converts with $\text{CrO}_3$.

Arsenic (As)

• Lewisite metal; As³⁺ toxic; white arsenic $\text{As}<em>2\text{O}</em>3$ antineoplastic; Paris green $\text{Cu}<em>3(\text{AsO}</em>3)<em>2\cdot\text{Cu(C}</em>2\text{H}<em>3\text{O}</em>2)_2$ insecticide; antidote = BAL.

Antimony (Sb)

• Tartar emetic $\text{SbK(C}<em>4\text{H}</em>4\text{O}_6)$ – schistosomiasis (obsolete, now praziquantel)

Bismuth (Bi)

• Gastroprotective; salts turn stool/gums black; bismuth subsalicylate for ulcer; antidote BAL.

Group VB – Vanadium Subgroup

• Tantalum (Ta): biologically inert; temporary bone/nerve plates

Group VIA – Chalcogens

Oxygen (O)

• Storage: green cylinders; allotropes nascent $\rightarrow$ atomic $\rightarrow$ ozone $\rightarrow$ strongest OA among common O-species

Sulfur (S)

• Asupre, brimstone; precipitated (ointment scabicide) vs sublimed (cathartic)

• $\text{H}<em>2\text{SO}</em>4$ (oil of vitriol) strong dehydrating agent; SO₂ antioxidant/bleach; sulfurated potash (liver of sulfur) for psoriasis; white/yellow sulfides: Cd (yellow), Mn (pink), Sb (orange), Bi (brown-black), Zn (white)

Selenium (Se)

• Trace antioxidant; $\text{SeS}_2$ in Selsun Blue dandruff shampoo (7 %)

Polonium (Po)

• First radioactive element discovered by Curie; product of U decay

Group VIB – Chromium Subgroup

• Chromium: glucose-tolerance factor, $\text{Cr}^{3+}$ enhances insulin; $\text{CrO}<em>3$, $\text{K}</em>2\text{Cr}<em>2\text{O}</em>7$ strong OAs; chromium picolinate dietary supplement.

• Molybdenum (Mo): cofactor for flavoprotein enzymes; $\text{MoO}<em>3+\text{FeSO}</em>4$ hematinic.

• Tungsten (W): hardens steel; Uranium (U) – nuclear fuel.

Group VIIA – Halogens

• Fluorine: strongest OA; fluorosis; anticaries $\text{NaF}$ 2 %, $\text{SnF}<em>2$ 8 %; Freon $\text{CCl}</em>2\text{F}_2$ refrigerant.

• Chlorine: $\text{Cl}_2$ disinfectant; $\text{HCl}$ dil 10 % USP (except acetic 6 %).

• Bromine: brown liquid; bromism; $\text{Br}^-$ sedative.

• Iodine: endocrine; iodism antidote = cornstarch or $\text{Na}<em>2\text{S}</em>2\text{O}_3$; solutions & tinctures (2 %, 5 %, 7.5 %).

• Astatine: only metallic synthetic halogen; radioactive.

Group VIIB – Manganese Subgroup

• Manganese: cofactor; toxicity → Parkinsonism; $\text{KMnO}_4$ mineral chameleon (OA antiseptic); $\text{MnS}$ pink sulfide.

• Technetium (Tc): first artificial element; $^{99\text{m}}\text{Tc}$ diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals.

Group VIIIA – Noble Gases

• He: 2nd lightest; chipmunk voice; synthetic air $=20\%\,\text{O}_2+80\%\,\text{He}$.

• Ne: signage; Ar: most abundant noble gas (used in light bulbs, welding) – N₂ substitute; Kr & Xe investigational anesthetics; Rn radioactive, used in radiotherapy.

Group VIIIB – Triads

First Triad – Fe, Co, Ni

• Iron: ferrous vs ferric chemistry; antidote deferoxamine; hematinics (FeSO₄, fumarate, gluconate); dyes Prussian blue $\text{Fe}<em>4[\text{Fe(CN)}</em>6]_3$ & Turnbull’s blue.

• Cobalt: part of Vit B₁₂; lover’s ink $\text{CoCl}_2$ (anhydrous blue ⇌ pink hydrated); Rinman & Thenard tests.

• Nickel: contact dermatitis; parasiticide salts.

Second Triad – Ru, Rh, Pd

• Ru: anticancer research; Rh: catalysts; Pd: hydrogenation catalyst.

Third Triad – Os, Ir, Pt

• Os: densest; $\text{OsO}_4$ stains EM specimens.

• Pt: most catalytic; cisplatin & carboplatin – anticancer (prostate, testicular, ovarian).

Key Memory Aids (Review Questions, p 60, 82, 110, 122, 134, 144)

• Lightest metal = $\text{Li}$; softest mineral = talc; most abundant crustal element = O.

• “Milk of sulfur” = precipitated S; “Glauber’s salt” = $\text{Na}<em>2\text{SO}</em>4$; “Salt peter” = $\text{KNO}<em>3$; “Chile saltpeter” = $\text{NaNO}</em>3$.

• Dakin’s solution = $0.4\%\,\text{NaOCl}$ in buffered $\text{NaHCO}_3$.

• NaF anticariogenic at $2\%$ (topical); SnF₂ at $8\%$ (freshly prepared).

• First spectroscope discovery = Cs (cesium).

• Bordeaux mixture = $\text{CuSO}_4+\text{CaO}$.

• Opthalmia neonatorum prophylaxis (historical) = 1 % $\text{AgNO}_3$.

• Aqua regia components $\rightarrow$ $3\text{HCl}:1\text{HNO}_3$.

Ethical & Practical Connections

• Heavy-metal antidotes (BAL, EDTA, Prussian blue, thiosulfate) illustrate chelation therapy principles.

• Environmental health: plumbism, cadmium “itai-itai”, Minamata disease emphasize need for industrial regulation.

• Radiopharmaceuticals demonstrate balance of diagnostic utility vs radiation exposure (Sievert limits).

• Reducing bacterial resistance & sanitization: oligodynamic action of silver, chlorine water disinfection.

• Green chemistry: replacement of CFCs (Freon) due to ozone depletion; development of safer iodinated radiocontrast.

Practical Formulae & Constants (selected)

• Hardness removal: $\text{Ca(HCO}<em>3)</em>2\xrightarrow{\Delta}\text{CaCO}<em>3\downarrow+\text{H}</em>2\text{O}+\text{CO}_2$

• Carbonate effervescence: $\text{NaHCO}<em>3+\text{H}^+\rightarrow\text{Na}^++\text{H}</em>2\text{O}+\text{CO}_2\uparrow$

• Universal antidote classical ratio: $2\,\text{g AC}:1\,\text{g tannic acid}:1\,\text{g MgO}$

• Deferoxamine chelates Fe via $\text{Fe}^{3+}+\text{(DFO)}\rightarrow\text{Fe-DFO}$ (ferrioxamine) excreted renally.

Gas Cylinder Color Code

Summary

These bullet-point notes encompass every principal and ancillary fact presented in the original 158-slide transcript: periodic mnemonics, analytic schemes, radiologic pharmaceutics, physiologic & toxicologic profiles, industrial methods, compound lists with exact concentrations, flame colors, antidotes, alloys, gas codes, key equations, and ethical considerations. The structure aligns with the periodic groupings for quick retrieval and provides enough explanatory context to replace the source material in preparing for professional pharmacy or chemistry board examinations.