Note
Studied by 1 person
Case studies for changing places and coasts
Changing Landscapes - coasts
· Sediment cell – South Downs sediment cell
o Sub-cell 4d along the Sussex coast
o Between Selsey Bill and Beachy Head
o Defended with rock reefs, wooden and rock groynes
o Pebble beeches
o Dominant drift direction west to east
o Up to 5000m³ gravel and sand lost round Beachy Head
o Dredging of Shoreham Harbour, Brighton Marina, Newhaven Harbour
· Build-up and removal of a beach (system feedback) – Crantock Beach, Cornwall
o Northwest facing beach in Northern Cornwall
o River Gannel flows on the northern edge of the beach
o Ever-changing environment
o Employs a shoreline management plan
o Has experienced excessive erosion in recent years (since 2013), especially after the 2013-2014 storms
o Erosion of up to 3m in depth
o Mobile zone is degrading, whilst the beach zone is more stable
· Coast working as a system – Aquitaine Coast
o Located in the southwest of France
o Complete shore system composed of beach, dunes and pine tree forest
o Sandy beaches and dunes
o Employing hold the line/limited intervention
o Sea wall, groynes, beach nourishment, dune restoration
o Stores of the cap ferret spit, arachon estuary, dune du pilat and araguin offshore bar
o Outputs of the ocean and longshore drift
· Microtidal range – Eastern Australia
o Found in parts of New South Wales and Queensland
o Wave action plays a larger role in Charing the coast than tidal energy
o Example is Yalimbah Creek
· Macrotidal range – most of the UK coast
o Key regions include Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary (up to 15m)
o Strong tidal currents and dynamic sediment movement
o Other examples include Humber and Mersey estuaries
o Drive rapid sediment transport, leading to extensive tidal flats, formation of tidal deltas, and notable erosion/deposition patterns
· 1.1.3 High and low energy environment – Gower Peninsula
o Mixed energy coastal environment with high and low energy areas
o High energy areas- Rhossili bay- experiences strong winds and waves, making it popular for surfing
o Low energy area- Oxwich bay- large, sheltered bay with extensive dunes and salt marshes
· 1.1.5 Headland and Bay – Swanage Bay and Studland Point, Dorset
o When bands of softer rock on a discordant coastline is eroded faster than the bands of harder rocks, creating areas of lad that stick out form the mainland
o Has alternating bands of limestone/chalk and clays/sands
o Ballard point- made of chalk
o Durlston head- made of limestone
o Located in Dorset
· Stacks and stumps – Old Harry and Old Harry’s wife, Dorset
o The erosion of a cave into an arch, that then collapses to form a stack
o The stack then gets eroded into a stump
o Old harry is a stack and his wife is a stump, near Ballard point
o Made of chalk, which is resistant enough for a cave-arch-stack sequence
· Cove – Lulworth Cove
o On the Dorset coast, next to the village of Lulworth
o Bedrock surrounding the cove is sedimentary, and so was easily erodes
o Entrance is a breach in the very resistant Portland stone
· Blowhole – Nakalele Point, Hawaii
o Northernmost point on the island of Maui
o Water released by the blowhole can reach up to 100 feet in the air
o Rock in the area is jet black lava rock
· Soft rock cliff – Highcliff, Barton-on-Sea (boulder clay rock)
· Hard rock cliff – Cornish Coastline (basalt rock)
· 1.1.6. Bar – Chesil Beach
o Spits that extend across two sides of a headland, forming a lagoon behind it
o Located in Dorset
o Behind the spit there is The Fleet, which is a lagoon
· Cuspate foreland – Dungeness foreland, Kent
o Triangular shaped projections that form from longshore drift moving in two different directions
o Located in Kent
o Formed over the last 5000 years
o Comprised largely of gravel
o Attracts 1 million tourists annually
· Spit – Orford Ness
o Linear deposits of sand and shingle that is attached to land on one end
o Formed by longshore drift
o Creates sheltered areas behind that often allows the formation of a salt marsh
o Largest vegetated shingle spit in Europe
o Stretches for about 10 miles
o Located on the Suffolk coast
· Tombolo – Chesil Beach
o Longshore drift forming a spit that connects an island to the mainland
o Connects the isle of Portland to Abbotsbury
o Largest tombolo in the United Kingdom
· 1.1.7. Sand dunes – Ainsdale Dunes, Sefton
o On the northwest coast of England
o Contains a range of habitats
o Largest dune area in England
· Mudflat/ salt marsh – Morecambe Bay
o Northwest coast of England
o 310km^2 of intertidal sand flats
o Salt marshes develop along the bays margins
o Makes Morecambe bay a crucial habitat for wildlife
· Coral reef – Great Barrier Reef
o Located north-east of Australia
o Mad up of 2900 individual reefs and 900 islands
o Threatened by human activity which causes bleaching of coral (global warming)
· 1.1.8. High energy event – December 2013 storm (UK East coast)
o Gale-force winds of up to 100mph
o Sea levels peaked at 5.8km and 4.7m in Hull and Dover respectively
· Rias – Kingsbridge Estuary, Devon
o A river valley at the coast that has been inundated by the sea as relative sea level rises, resulting in a “drowned valley”
o Formed on a submergent coastline
o Has very little freshwater input, high salinity levels and a large tidal range
o Supports diverse intertidal habitats (mudflats and salt marshes
o Has steep banks and a relatively deep channel compared to its width
· Fjord – Sognefjorden, Norway
o A glaciated valley at the coast that has been inundated by the sea. Has steeper rising walls, a straighter long profile and is deeper than a ria due to glaciers over-deepening the valley
o Formed on a submergent coastline
o Located in western Norway
o 205km long, and up to 4,5km wide
· Raised beach – Isle of Arran, Kings Cave
o Raised beaches are shore platforms and beaches that are found stranded above the present-day high tide level
o Formed on an emergent coastline
o Located in Scotland
o Kings cave is a notable area which provides evidence of the past sea levels
o Flat shore platform elevated above the current coastline
· 1.1.9 [Case study] Management of coastal processes – Holderness
o Located in East Yorkshires coastline
o Composed predominantly of soft erodible boulder clay
o Notoriously one of Europe’s fastest eroding cliffs (over 2m/year)
o Use of sea walls, groynes and revetments
o Use of managed retreat in certain areas
o Integrated coastal zone management
o Decision making involves tradeoffs between protecting property and allowing natural coastal change
· 1.1.10 [Case study] Management of human activity – Ainsdale sand dunes
o Designated as a national nature reserve and site of special scientific interest (SSSI)
o Threats from trampling by visitors, off road vehicles and cycling, urban development (encroaching)
o Managed by fencing and boardwalks, sand dune stabilisation and education and signage
Changing Places
· 1.3.1 Overall characteristics of your ‘home’ place (can be Manchester or more specific e.g. Tottington)
o Located in the northwest of England
o Close to other major cities such as Liverpool and Birmingham
o Population of around 551,900 as of 2021
o Very high population density
o Grew rapidly in the early 1800s
· 1.3.2 AONB: LDNP, media representation of Manchester
o News- shows both positive (eg infrastructure developments) and negative (eg crime statistics) facets of Manchester
o Literature- frequently explores themes of resilience, social change and the impact of insustrrial heritage
o Music- Manchester is famous for music with bands such as the smiths and oasis, and is frequently cited as the birthplace of influential music trends
· 1.3.3 External factors influencing economic restructuring: Ebbw Vale
o Valleys initially chosen due to a large amount of coal, labour from nearby towns and location close to the coast (for trade)
o Restructured due to:
§ Limited resources
§ Chester imports to coastal steel works
§ Political decisions to close coal mines
§ Government grant to relocate
§ Economies of scale- unable to keep up
§ Globalisation
§ Lifestyle changes
· 1.3.4 Consequences of loss of primary industries in rural areas e.g. Ebbw Vale
o 70,000 jobs lost
o Decline in small businesses
o Less tax going to council
o Became 2nd most deprived town in the uk
o Landscape damage
· Government policies in deindustrialised places e.g. Salford Quays, Manchester (this case study can also be used for urban rebranding, urban reimaging, and urban regeneration)
o Needed rebranding after the 1982 closure of Manchester Docks
o Focus of the regeneration was to boost the local economy and enhance residents quality of life
o Significantly boosted the local economy by attracting investment, creating jobs and increasing property values
o Has become a cultural and entertainment destination
· 1.3.5 Just need examples to support points such as an example of Out-of-Town retailing can be The
· Trafford Centre
· 1.3.6 Quaternary industry – Silicon Valley, California and Tech City, London, UK
· 1.3.7 Rural rebranding project – Eden Project/ Glastonbury Festival/ Shrewsbury/ Farmer Ted’s (just need
· to know one but two would be good so you can make comparisons between them)
o Glastonbury
§ Annual 5day performing arts located in Pilton (Somerset)
§ Founded by a community group
§ Creates a large amount of tourist income, however it can cause a lot of pollution, including noise pollution
o Eden project
§ Visitor attraction in Cornwall
§ Consists of two large enclosures that house thousands of plant species
§ Created by the government and charities
§ Has generates £1.9 billion for the local economy since 2001
· 1.3.8 Just need examples to support points such as 50% of homes in Beadnell, Northumberland are
· second homes
· 1.3.9 Just need examples to support points such as an example of a culture-led regeneration scheme is Lowry theatre, Salford quays
· 1.3.10 Just need examples to support points such as an example of a Fast Growth City is Cambridge