Cellular Respiration

In-Class Notes

Cellular Respiration

  • A way to transform energy to a usable form for organisms
  • The process in which an animal makes ATP
  • Everything uses cellular respiration

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

  • photosynthesis= plants using the sun to make ATP

Plants need h2o and co2 and light/heat to make oxygen for us/animals, makes glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) for animals

Plants in the ground can’t perform photosynthesis and get ATP from Calvin Cycle

Plants in the ground use cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration= Plants AND Animals make ATP

The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration and the products of cellular respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis

Autotroph: something that makes its food using inorganic molecules/substances, ex: plants

Heterotroph: eat autotrophs

Cellular respiration happens in 3 phases

  1. Glycolysis (2 ATP)

    1. To break down sugar

  2. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) 2 (ATP)

    1. \
      • \

  3. Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron transport) (32 ATP)

    1. Make ATP

Happens in cytoplasm, outside mitochondria

Step 1:

Breaking glucose apart (6C)> 2 pyruvates (3C)

C₆H₁₂O₆ is broken into 2 equal smaller parts (Pyruvic (acid))

Pyruvic acid has 3 carbons

In the end, 2 ATP is spent and four ATP is made

2ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate

Step 2: Kreb cycle

  • (step 0.5) Pyruvate becomes Acetyl CoA by taking 1C and an e- off
  • (step 1) After Pyruvate becomes Acetyl CoA, it joins oxaloacetate (4C) to form citrate (6C) Acetyl CoA (2C) + oxaloacetate (4C)= citrate (6C)
  • (step 2) Citrate rearranged to isocitrate
  • (step 3) isocitrate becomes alpha-ketoglutarate (5C) one carbon is released
  • (step 4) alpha-ketoglutarate becomes succinyl CoA (4C)
  • (step 5) succinyl CoA to succinate
  • (step 6) succinate becomes fumarate (4C) and FADH2 is made
  • (step 7) fumarate becomes malate (4C)
  • (step 8) malate becomes oxaloacetate and the third molecule of NADH is produced

Gross production ATP: how much ATP you would've had

Net production ATP: how much ATP you have left

NAD+: like a uber eats/doordash person, a carrier. A type of chemical that carries electrons to be delivered/ a molecule that carries and delivers electrons

Protons: positive (+)

Electrons: negative (-)

Neutrons: neutral no charge (0)

Section 1 Vocabulary

Cellular Respiration: A process where cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds

Pyruvic Acid: Produces a small amount of ATP and NADH

NADH: An electron carrier molecule

Anaerobic: When oxygen isn’t present

Aerobic Respiration: When oxygen is present, pyruvic acid is broken down and NADH is used to make a lot of ATP

Glycolysis: A biochemical pathway where one 6C molecule of C₆H₁₂O₆ is broken down into two 3C molecules

NAD+: An organic molecule that accepts electrons during redox reactions

Fermentation: When some cells convert pyruvic acid into compounds through other biochemical pathways that make NAD+

Lactic Acid fermentation: a process that plays a vital part in making dairy products

Alcoholic Fermentation: A process that converts pyruvic acid to ethyl alcohol

Kilocalorie: (kcal), 1 kilocalorie= 1,000 calories (cal)

Section 2 Vocabulary

Mitochondrial Matrix: The space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Acetyl CoA: Contains 2 carbon atoms

Krebs Cycle: A long process of taking apart and putting together compounds

Oxaloacetic Acid: A 4-carbon compound

Citric Acid: A 6-carbon compound that is created by combining Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetic Acid

FAD: A molecule similar to NAD+, that accepts electrons during redox reactions

FRQ’s

FRQ#1: Explain the symbiotic relationship between heterotrophs and autotrophs. How do both cellular respiration and photosynthesis chemical reactions contribute to the growth and development of heterotrophs and autotrophs? Draw a visual model that represents this relationship.

Input= reactant, output= product   Symbiotic: give and get, everybody benefits

FRQ#2: Draw and label the mitochondria. Be sure to list the function of the various components of each part of the mitochondria.

Intermembrane Space: Small space to quickly accumulate protons

Matrix: Has appropriate enzymes and a suitable pH for the Krebs cycle

Outer Membrane: Contains transport proteins for shutting pyruvate into mitochondria

Inner Membrane: Contains ETC and ATP synthase for oxidative phosphorylation

Cristae: Highly folded so as to increase SA:V ratio

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<<Autotrophs make their food using inorganic molecules. Heterotrophs eat autotrophs to get energy. Heterotrophs and autotrophs benefit from each other because the autotrophs give heterotrophs the oxygen that they need and the heterotrophs give autotrophs the carbon dioxide that they need. Cellular respiration can be used in autotrophs and heterotrophs. Cellular respiration is used in plants that don’t have access to light energy. The reactants in photosynthesis (6CO₂+ 6H₂O + energy) are the products of cellular respiration and the reactants in cellular respiration (C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂) are the products in photosynthesis. They both require and generate ATP that the mitochondria provide.<<

Include: Matrix, Intermembrane space, outer membrane space, cristae, inner membrane

FRQ#3: Using the word bank provided, complete the following paragraph.

Include: Matrix, Intermembrane space, outer membrane space, cristae, inner membrane

MCQ’s

  1. MCQ #1: What is the goal of cellular respiration? (1 point)

    1. To create ATP

  2. MCQ#2: Which is NOT a product of cellular respiration?

    1. \
      • \

  3. MCQ#3: Which is a reactant of cellular respiration?

    1. Oxygen and glucose

  4. MCQ#4: What is a product of cellular respiration?

    1. Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

  5. MCQ#5: What is unique to photosynthesis?

    1. Plants

  6. MCQ#6: What only happens in cellular respiration?

    1. Carbon dioxide and water are products

  7. MCQ#7: What do they both have in common?

    1. Plants

MEMORIZE

Photosynthesis

6CO₂+ 6H₂O + energy→ C₆H₁₂O₆ +6O₂

Aerobic respiration

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ →6CO₂ + 6 H₂O (sweat) + energy (ATP)

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Notes

In lactic acid fermentation. an enzyme converts pyruvic acid into another 3-carbon compound (lactic acid)

The fermentation requires the transfer of an H atom from NADH and a free proton (H+) to pyruvic acid, NADH is oxidized to form NAD+, NAD+ is used in glycolysis where it is made into NADH

Alcoholic fermentation is a 2 step process

  1. 1 CO2 molecule is removed from pyruvic acid making it a 2C compound
  2. 2H atoms are added to the 2C compound to make ethyl alcohol