vascular #7

notebook:

phylum tracheophyta

Ferns: class Polypodiopsida

• Members of vascular plants

  • Have water + nutrient-conducting tissue

• Have true roots, stems, and leaves

• Well adapted to land

• Leaves have layers of specialized cells. Including stomata (holes to let CO2 in, O2 out)

Conductive tissue

• Xylem: conducts H2O to dissolve minerals (usually up)

  • Made up of tracheid cells

  • Dead cells, thick walls

• Phloem: conducts sugar + food (usually down)

  • Made of sieve tube cells

  • living tissue

Reproduction

• Requires water from the sperm to fertilize the egg

• produces spores

• alternation of generation

• Sporophyte (2n) is dominant

Gymnosperms: Class Gymnospermae

Importance:

• Much of the world’s forests (O2 production)

• Habitat for many plants and animals

• Stems used for timber (almost 100% in BC)

• Pulp and Paper industry

Physical characteristics:

• Leaves look like needles (thin with thick, waxy cuticles), adapted for cold, dry environments

• Most are evergreen (don’t drop leaves in the winter)

• Roots spread over a wide area rather than deep

• Have secondary growth (more than one 1 year of growth)

• Produce unprotected (naked) seeds in structures called cones

• Includes conifers (fir, cedar, spruce); Cycads (palm trees); and Ginkgos (specific type of tree)

• Sporophyte is dominant

Reproduction:

• Does not require water for gametes to swim at any stage

• Male cones make pollen; female cones contain ovules which form seeds

• Called “naked seeds“ because the seeds are in cones, not a fruiting body like angiosperms

• Pollen is transferred by wind

Angiosperms: class angiospermae

• Angiospers: flowering plants

Physical Characteristics:

• can have both primary (annual) or secondary (subsequent years) growth

• Meristems: only areas in plants where cells divide to produce new tissue

  • Found on the tips of the shoots + roots(apical meristems) and found in rings on a stem (lateral meristems)

• Reproductive structures are flowers

• Sporophyte is dominant

Pollination

• moving seed away from parent plant

• Seed shape and fruit (swelling of ovary wall) are involved

• wind, water, and animals are often involved

2 major groups of Angiosperms

1. Monocots

2. Dicots

video notes

Grade 10 Biology Notes

1. Yarrow

• Scientific name: Achillea

• Named after the Greek hero Achilles, who used it to treat wounds.

2. Why vascular plants are successful

• Have special tissues that transport water, nutrients, and food throughout the plant.

• Can grow taller and live in more environments than non-vascular plants.

• Have three main types of tissues:

3. Plant growth

• Primary growth: Increases a plant's length or height.

• Herbaceous plants: Usually soft, green, and flexible; mainly grow through primary growth.

• Secondary growth: Increases a plant's width.

• Woody plants: Develop wood and bark through secondary growth.

4. Three main plant organs

• Roots: Absorb water and minerals from the soil and anchor the plant.

• Stems: Support the plant and transport water and sugars.

• Leaves: Main location of photosynthesis.

5. Xylem and phloem

Xylem

• Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves.

• Water mainly moves upward.

• Helps support the plant.

Phloem

• Transports sugars made during photosynthesis.

• Moves food from sources (such as leaves) to places that need or store it.

• Transport can occur in different directions.

Memory trick: Xylem = water; phloem = food.

6. Stomata and guard cells

• Stomata: Tiny openings, usually on leaves.

  • Let carbon dioxide enter for photosynthesis.

  • Allow water vapour to leave through transpiration.

• Guard cells: Control the opening and closing of stomata.

  • Open stomata allow gas exchange.

  • Closed stomata help reduce water loss.

7. How water moves up a plant

• Roots absorb water from the soil.

• Water travels upward through the xylem.

• Water evaporates from the leaves through the stomata. This is called transpiration.

• Transpiration creates a pulling force that draws more water upward, even against gravity.

Check Your Understanding

1. Why was vascular tissue an important evolutionary breakthrough?

• It allowed plants to transport water, minerals, and sugars efficiently.

• Plants could grow taller and reach more sunlight.

• Plants could live in a wider variety of environments.

2. How does water move from roots to leaves against gravity?

• Water moves through the xylem.

• Water evaporates from leaves during transpiration, creating a pulling force that draws water upward from the roots.

3. What are the roles of stomata and guard cells?

• Stomata allow carbon dioxide to enter and water vapour to leave.

• Guard cells open and close the stomata.

• Together, they help plants balance gas exchange with water conservation.