Chapter 2: till pg. 41

MATTER: anything that has mass and takes up space

Understanding matter begins with observation, and what you observe when you look at a particular sample of matter and its properties

MASS: a measure of the amount of matter the object contains

VOLUME: a measure of the space occupied by the object

EXTENSIVE PROPERTY: a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample (mass, matter, volume)

INTENSIVE PROPERTY: a property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount

Every sample of a given substance has identical intensive properties because every sample has the same composition

SUBSTANCE: matter that has a uniform and definite composition

PHYSICAL PROPERTY: a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s composition

SOLID: a form of matter that has definite shape and volume

LIQUID: a form of matter that has an indefinite shape, flows, yet has a fixed volume

GAS: a form of matter that takes both the shape and volume of its container

MIXTURE: a physical blend of two or more components

Based on the distribution of their components, mixtures can be classified as heterogeneous mixtures or as homogeneous mixtures
If the composition of a material may vary, the material is a mixture

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES: a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE: a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout

PHASE: used to describe any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties

FILTRATION: a process that separates a solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture

DISTILLATION: liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed into a liquid

ELEMENT: the simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties

COMPOUND: a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion

Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, but elements cannot
Chemists use chemical symbols to represent elements, and chemical formulas to represent compounds

VAPOR: describes the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or a solid at room temperature

PHYSICAL METHODS: are used to separate mixtures and NOT to break them down into simpler substances

PERIODIC TABLE: arrangement of elements in which the elements properties are separated into groups based on a set of repeating properties

The periodic table allows you to easily compare the properties of one element (or a group of elements) to another element (or group of elements)
Each horizontal row of the periodic table is called a period
Each vertical column of the periodic table is called a group or a family

CHEMICAL CHANGE: a change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter

PHYSICAL CHANGE: some properties of material change, but the composition of the material does not change