Chapter 41: The Sensory System

1. Question: The role of sensory system Answer: Organisms use sensory system to communicate and interact with the external environment, to respond to changes from external and internal environments, receives and processes information that generates an individual's awareness of their environment.

2.

Question: The two types of sensory systems Answer: General senses and special senses

3.

Question: General senses Answer: Receptors spread throughout the body: Temperature, pain, pressure, vibration, proprioception. Respond to frequency of the arriving action potentials.

4.

Question: What is the basis of somatic sensation? Answer: Tactile receptors

5.

Question: Tactile receptors Answer: Merkel’s corpuscles, Pacinian or lamellated corpuscles, Ruffini’s corpuscles, Meissner’s corpuscles

6.

Question: Baroreceptors Answer: Detects pressure changes

7.

Question: Where do baroreceptors detect blood pressure? Answer: Carotid sinus, aortic sinus

8.

Question: Proprioceptors Answer: Maintain equilibrium, sense position in joints and skeletal muscles

9.

Question: What two things maintain equilibrium? Answer: Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs

10.

Question: Name the three middle ear bones in the order they are arranged? Answer: Malleus, Incus, Stapes (MIS)

11.

Question: What is the name of structure A (Ear Diagram)? Answer: Auditory Canal

12.

Question: What is the name of structure B (Ear Diagram)? Answer: Auditory Nerve

13.

Question: What is the name of structure C (Ear Diagram)? Answer: Ear drum or Tympanic membrane

14.

Question: What is in contact with the oval window? Answer: The base plate of the stapes

15.

Question: Inner ear or internal ear Answer: Contains cochlea and vestibular apparatus

16.

Question: Semicircular canals Answer: Sense rotational motion; contain expanded regions called ampulla

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Anterior

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Posterior

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Lateral

17.

Question: Utricle and saccule Answer: Sense forward and vertical acceleration

18.

Question: Cochlea contains how many chambers? Answer: Three

19.

Question: Vestibular canal Answer: Contains perilymph

20.

Question: Cochlear canal Answer: Contains endolymph

21.

Question: Photoreceptors Answer: Rods and cones

22.

Question: Rods structure Answer: Outer segment and inner segment

23.

Question: Outer segment contains what? Answer: pigment-containing discs

24.

Question: Rods have visual pigment called? Answer: rhodopsin

25.

Question: Rhodopsin contains what two things? Answer: opsin and retinal

26.

Question: 11-cis retinal converts to? Answer: all-trans retinal

27.

Question: What are the three primary colors of cones? Answer: red, blue, and green

28.

Question: Photoreceptor cells synapse with? Answer: bipolar cells or bipolar neurons

29.

Question: Bipolar cells synapse with? Answer: ganglion cells

30.

Question: Sensory fibers form the? Answer: optic nerve

31.

Question: Chemoreception Answer: chemosensory neurons detect chemicals that sense chemicals in the air or saliva; Need aqueous medium(mucous)

32.

Question: Olfaction Answer: smell – olfactory receptors in olfactory neurons in the nose detect the presence of odorants

33.

Question: Where are olfactory organs present? Answer: olfactory epithelium

34.

Question: Gustation Answer: taste – taste receptors in taste buds respond to dissolved chemicals

35.

Question: Certain chemicals present in hot peppers such as capsaicin also release? Answer: Heat

36.

Question: What is the function of the different types of receptor proteins? Answer: Mechanoreceptors- detect mechanical (physical) forces, Photoreceptors- detect light, Chemoreceptors- detect specific molecules or chemical conditions, Thermoreceptors-detect the flow of heat energy.

37.

Question: Name structure A (Eye diagram). Answer: Lens

38.

Question: What is the function of structure B (Eye diagram)? Answer: Permits light to enter the eye (Pupil)

39.

Question: Name the fluid that fills structure C (Eye diagram). Answer: Vitreous humor or vitreous body (Posterior chamber)

40.

Question: Name the type of photoreceptor cells concentrated in structure D (Eye diagram) Answer: Cones (Fovea centralis, region of acute vision)

41.

Question: Name structure E (Eye diagram). Answer: Optic nerve

42.

Question: Name structure F (Eye diagram). Answer: Cornea

43.

Question: Rods provide information on what? Cones provide information on what? Answer: Rods  provide information on the presence of photons and cones provide information on the wavelength of photons (aka color)

44.

Question: Which configuration of retinal is its active form? Answer: The 11-trans form

45.

Question: What is the photopigment in rods? Answer: rhodopsin

46.

Question: When is the retinal of rhodopsin active? Answer: Active when there’s light

47.

Question: Place these terms in order of the visual pathway: optic nerve, retina, optic chiasm, primary visual cortex, lens, LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) Answer: Lens -> retina -> optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> LGN  (lateral geniculate nucleus) ->primary visual cortex

48.

Question: The left eye’s image is transmitted to which half of the hemisphere? Answer: right hemisphere

49.

Question: Fibers cross at the? Answer: optic chiasm

50.

Question: True or False: The three photopsins are red, yellow, and blue cones Answer: False - the three cones are RGB -> red, green, and blue cones

51.

Question: The _______ ________ contains olfactory glands that produce mucus Answer: Olfactory epithelium

52.

Question: What receptors do migrating sea turtles use to navigate? Answer: magnetoreceptors

53.

Question: True or False: An eel using electric fields in the environment to detect prey is a form of active electroreception. Answer: False - prey detection is passive

54.

Question: What 3 types of receptor proteins do nociceptors use? Answer: mechanosceptors, thermal receptors, chemo receptor protein

55.

Question: General senses describes our sensitivity to what? Answer: temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception (body position)

56.

Question: Light passes through the _______ and _______ and is focused on the _______ Answer: cornea, pupil, retina

57.

Question: What is Sensory transduction? Answer: Change in the language from the mechanical form of energy into the electrical or electrochemical form of energy

58.

Question: Mechanoreceptors detect what? Answer: detect any kind of mechanical energy

59.

Question: What do cats communicate through? Answer: body languages, vocalization, scents

60.

Question: What do bats use to sense direction? Answer: Echolocation

61.

Question: What is activated when sympathetic nervous system is activated? Answer: heightened awareness of the sensory information

62.

Question: What are the four basic taste? Answer: Sweet, sour, salt and bitter

63.

Question: Where do bipolar neurons synapse? Answer: Ganglion cells

64.

Question: Olfactory sensation is also known as? Answer: Alfaction

65.

Question: Taste sensation is also known as? Answer: Gustation

66.

Question: What are taste buds embedded in? Answer: Lingual papillae

67.

Question: What is a beluga whale? Answer: Magneto receptor that senses change in magnetic field for means of communication

68.

Question: What are nociceptors? Answer: Pain sensors

69.

Question: What are some natural painkillers? Answer: Endorphins and caffealins

70.

Question: What are the hearing organs located? Answer: In the cochlea

71.

Question: What is the primary function of the Pina? Answer: To protect the opening of the external ear canal or the auditory canal

72.

Question: Name a structure in the inner ear that contain equilibrium? Answer: Vestibular apparatus

73.

Question: What three things does the visual pathway have? Answer: lens, retina, optic nerve

74.

Question: True or false: Thermoreceptors are not important for snakes sensing prey. Answer: False; They are important for snakes to sense prey

75.

Question: How is the lens suspended? Answer: Suspensory ligaments

76.

Question: What is the opening at the front of the eye? Answer: Pupil

77.

Question: What are the muscles responsible for accommodation? Answer: Ciliary muscles

78.

Question: What is the outer layer of the eye? Answer: Fibrous tunic

79.

Question: What is the middle layer of the eye? Answer: Choroid

80.

Question: What is the inner layer of the eye? Answer: Retina

81.

Question: What is the space between the cornea and lens filled with? Answer: Aqueous humor

82.

Question: Where are cones concentrated? Answer: Fovea centralis

83.

Question: What kind of light are rods sensitive to? Answer: Dim light

84.

Question: What kind of receptors to mosquitoes have? Answer: Thermal receptors

85.

Question: What animal contains pit organs? Answer: Rattlesnakes

86.

Question: Define the term "stimulus" Answer: Any change in the external or internal environment that is detected by the body

87.

Question: Tactile corpuscles/ merkel cpuscles Answer: Responsible for the for the light touch sensation

88.

Question: Rufinary nerve endings Answer: Responsible for detecting deep pressure and also responsible for detecting the amount of roughness of the surface

89.

Question: Laminated corpuscles/pacinian corpusles Answer: Responsible for detecting deep pressure and vibration as well

90.

Question: Free nerve endings Answer: Responsible for detecting very light touch

91.

Question: Pinna function Answer: To protect the opening of the external ear canal or the auditory canal

92.

Question: Name some structures of the external ear. Answer: the helix, the anti-helix, the fossa triangularis, the conquer, the lobule

93.

Question: Organ of Corti Answer: Organ of hearing

94.

Question: The process whereby you detect the stimulus okay and then the stimulus is converted in the form of electrochemical potential and then which is then transduced into the into the central nervous system. This entire process is known as what? Answer: Sensory transduction

95.

Question: What does the ear drum convert soundwaves into? Answer: Vibration form of energy

96.

Question: Where does the tympanic membrane end? Answer: At the external ear

97.

Question: Where are hearing organs located? Answer: Located in the coclea

98.

Question: What are the main structural differences between rods and cones? Answer: Cones are responsible for color and bright mission, while rods are specialized for dim vision

99.

Question: What is the mucula? Answer: The macula there is a small region, there a small division, which is known as before we areas and France

100.

Question: Where does the light pass to get into the eye? Answer: Cornea to pupil to lens

101.

Question: What layer is only for color mission? Answer: Pools

102.

Question: Are human eyes similar to cephalopod eye? Answer: Yes, structurally

103.

Question: Describe the process of echolocation. Answer: Bats emit high frequency sound waves and then they listen to the echo that is reflected back from the objects

104.

Question: How do dogs communicate? Answer: Using their body secretions because they have special sense scent glands in their body

105.

Question: What does the general sensory system detect? Answer: Change in temperature, surrounding temperature or the body temperature, pain sensations

106.

Question: Does amount of awareness of surroundings change? Answer: Yes, depending on how much something is being concentrated on

107.

Question: What is the organ that sense of change of temperature? Answer: Hypothalamus

108.

Question: When light hits um on the photo receptor, what happens to the 11 cis retinol? Answer: 11 cis retininal will change its confirmation and then becomes an all trans retinol or uh it's also the 11 transret retinal

109.

Question: In darkness, are photo receptor cells depolarized or hyperpolarized? Answer: Photo receptor cells are depolarized

110.

Question: In darkness, are the gated sodium channels open or closed? Answer: Gated sodium channels in the plasma membrane are open

111.

Question: What makes the gated sodium channels open in darkness? Answer: Presence of cyclic GMP

112.

Question: In the dark, what is the resting membrane potential of a photo receptor cell? Answer: -40 mV

113.

Question: What neurotransmitter is released by photo receptor cells? Answer: Glutamate

114.

Question: Are on bipolar cells excitatory or inhibitory? Answer: Inhibitory

115.

Question: Are off bipolar cells excitatory or inhibitory? Answer: Excitatory

116.

Question: In the light, are the photo receptor cells hyperpolarized or depolarized? Answer: Hyperpolarized

117.

Question: Is glutamate released in the light? Answer: No more glutamate is released from the photo receptor cells

118.

Question: In the light, are on bipolar cells excited or inhibited? Answer: Excited

119.

Question: In the light, are off bipolar cells excited or inhibited? Answer: Inhibited

120.

Question: Which way does light move through the retina? Answer: Light is going to move in this direction, it's going to go um uh it's going to pierce through all these transparent uh layers of the cells and then to the photo receptor cells and then the information is going to be processed in this direction, the opposite direction

121.

Question: What is the sclera? Answer: Fibrous layer of the eye

122.

Question: What is the koid? Answer: vascular layer also known as the uva

123.

Question: Where are the horizontal cells? Answer: present between the photo receptor cells and the bipolar cells

124.

Question: What do horizontal cells do? Answer: important for integrating the information that is being produced by the photo receptor cells

125.

Question: Where are the amocrine cells? Answer: present between the bipolar cells and the ganglion cells

126.

Question: What is the opticum? Answer: area where the crossing actually happens

127.

Question: Where does the the axons synapse at the lateral geniculate nucleus? Answer: inter neurons

128.

Question: Is the image that is being formed a virtual image? Answer: Yes

129.

Question: Where are the chemosensory bristles located? Answer: present in the sensory hairs

130.

Question: Where are gustatory neurons present? Answer: Tongue