Orientation of the Body

\ atom → molecule → cell tissue → organ → organ system → organism

 

Body Systems

 1. Digestive System  2. Urinary System  3. Reproductive System  4. Endocrine System  5. Lymphatic/Immune system  6. Integumentary system  7. Muscular system  8. Skeletal System  9. Cardiovascular System

  1. Nervous System
  2. Respiratory System

 

Directional Terms

medial:: towards body midline

lateral:: away from body midline

deep:: through the surface

superior:: on or near the surface/above

anterior (ventral):: front side of body

posterior (dorsal):: back side of body

proximal:: toward body center

distal:: away from body center

cranial:: toward head

inferior:: below

caudal:: toward feet

\

Anatomical Position

Body must be:

  • Standing Erect
  • Facing Forward
  • Arms at Side
  • Palms Forward

   

Planes

sagittal plane:: divides body vertically (left and right)

medial plane:: divides body in equal halves vertically

frontal (coronal) plane:: divides body into anterior and posterior sections

transverse plane:: divides body into superior and inferior sections

\  

Body Cavities

  • Spaces within the body containing vital organs
  • Two main cavities (Dorsal & Ventral)

\

  • Dorsal - (posterior) on the back side of the body   * Cranial Cavity- holds the brain   * Spinal Cavity- holds the spinal cord

\

  • Ventral - (anterior) on the belly of the body   * Thoracic Cavity- holds the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels   * Abdominal Cavity- holds organs of the digestive & urinary systems     * stomach, small intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, & part of the large intestine   * Pelvic Cavity- - contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, remaining part of   the large intestine and appendix.

 

Abdominal Quadrants & Regions

 

RUQ- right lobe of liver, duodenum, ==right kidney==, gall bladder, head of pancreas, @@parts of large intestine@@

RLQ- appendix, %%small intestine%%, femalereproductiveorgansfemale reproductive organs, ^^urinary tract^^

LUQ- stomach, spleen, pancreas, ==left kidney==, @@part of large intestine@@

LLQ- @@parts of large intestine,@@ %%parts of small intestine%%, femalereproductiveorganfemale reproductive organs, ^^urinary tract^^

\ Regions: Abdominal cavity is divided into nine cavities.

  • Epigastric- upper, center area above the stomach
  • Umbilical- the region surrounds the umbilicus
  • Hypogastric- area just below the umbilical region
  • Hypochondriac:: just below the ribs, immediately over the abdomen
  • Lumber:: near the waist on either side of the umbilical cord
  • Iliac/Inguinal:: located near the upper portion of the hipbone on either side of the hypogastric region

\ \ Anatomy:: the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living things, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts

Physiology:: the branch of biology that deals with normal functions of living organisms and parts

Homeostasis:: the tendency towards a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes

Pathophysiology:: the study of processes that disturb normal functions

Organ:: a part of a organism that is self-contained and has a specific vital function

\ \ \ \ \

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \