PP D

Congenital vs Acquired Diseases

• Congenital Diseases

  • Defined as diseases or conditions present at birth.

  • Can involve physical or mental anomalies, malformations, or diseases.

  • These traits may be hereditary or caused by environmental influences during gestation.

• Acquired Diseases

  • Refers to diseases that develop after birth.

  • Result from exposure to external antigens or pathogens, and are not present at birth.

Urogenital Development

• Kidney Development

  • Kidneys originate in the pelvis and migrate to the abdomen during fetal development.

  • Key structures involved:

    • Suprarenal gland and artery

    • Gonads

    • Mesonephric duct

Congenital Renal Anomalies

• Unilateral Renal Agenesis

  • Absence of one kidney, visible via ultrasound imaging.

• Horseshoe Kidney

  • A condition where kidneys are fused together forming a horseshoe shape; can be identified via imaging.

• Junctional Parenchymal Defect

  • An abnormality of kidney tissue detected in fetal ultrasounds.

• Dromedary Hump

  • A normal variant seen in kidney shape.

Physical and Chemical Agents

• Effects on Body

  • Severity of effects can vary based on factors like health status and duration of exposure.

  • Short-term, localized exposures may have reversible effects; chronic exposure can cause irreversible damage.

• Common Agents

  • Extreme temperatures, ionizing radiation, electric shock, and various toxic substances.

Extreme Heat

• Heat-Related Illnesses

  • Heat Exhaustion

    • Symptoms: heavy sweating, pale skin, rapid pulse.

    • Treatment: rest, cool environment, fluids.

  • Heat Stroke

    • Symptoms: high body temperature (>103°F), altered mental state, no sweating.

    • Emergency treatment required.

Extreme Cold

• Hypothermia

  • Core body temperature falls below 95°F.

  • Symptoms include confusion, loss of motor control, and potential death if untreated.

• Frostbite

  • Damage caused by freezing skin and underlying tissues, common in extremities.

Electric Shock

• Overview

  • Electric shock can range from minor discomfort to severe injury or death (electrocution).

  • Requires immediate medical attention and CPR if necessary.

Poisoning

• Classification

  • Any harmful substance can be poisonous.

  • Treatment includes immediate medical assessment and appropriate antidotes if available.

Bites of Insects, Spiders, and Snakes

• General Treatment

  • Localized pain and swelling typically require symptomatic treatment; allergic reactions require emergency care.

  • Venomous bites require immediate medical attention to prevent severe reactions.

Asphyxiation

• Definition

  • Lack of oxygen leading to unconsciousness or death, treated as an emergency to restore air supply.

Burns

• Classification

  • First-degree: Only epidermis affected (e.g. sunburn).

  • Second-degree: Dermis affected, blisters present.

  • Third-degree: Full thickness, may involve muscle or bone, and requires emergency care.

  • Complications: Infection, pulmonary complications, and psychological trauma may arise.

Disease Terminology

• Key Terms

  • Sign: Objective evidence perceived by an examiner (e.g. fever).

  • Symptoms: Subjective indications of disease perceived by the patient (e.g. pain).

  • Syndrome: A cluster of signs and symptoms indicating a specific abnormality.

  • Etiology: Causes of disease, with terms like idiopathic for unknown causes.

  • Morbidity vs Mortality: Morbidity pertains to disease incidence; mortality refers to death rates.

Epidemiology

• Definitions

  • Endemic: Regularly found among particular populations.

  • Epidemic: Rapid spread of disease among individuals in a short time.

  • Pandemic: Widespread epidemic affecting multiple continents.

Risk Factors

• Categories

  • Genetic, environmental, lifestyle choices, and pre-existing conditions all contribute to disease risk.

  • Stress: Psychological response that can contribute to physical health problems.