Kinesiology Detailed Notes

KINESIOLOGY

  • The scientific study of movement and performance.
  • Biomechanics applies the principles of mechanics to human movement.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

  1. Discuss the various functions of the skeletal system.
  2. Differentiate between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
  3. Describe the cell types that form joint structures.
  4. Discuss the tissue composition and roles of different joint structures in stability and mobility.
  5. Classify joints based on structure, movement, and function.
  6. Compare and contrast osteokinematic and arthrokinematic movement.
  7. Analyze closed-packed and open-packed positions, as well as end-feel patterns.
  8. Identify the adverse effects of immobilization on joint structures.
  9. Discuss internal and external forces and their roles in movement and stability.
  10. Explain vector forces in terms of magnitude and direction.
  11. Outline torque components and their relationship with forces and moment arms.
  12. Define force couples in human motion.

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

  • Support: Provides a rigid framework for body weight transfer.
  • Protection: Protects vital organs (brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs).
  • Storage: Reservoir for calcium.
  • Blood Cell Production: Produces red and white blood cells and platelets.
  • Movement: Forms levers for muscle attachment.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

  • Axial Skeleton: Consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
  • Appendicular Skeleton: Composed of limbs and girdles.

JOINT STRUCTURE

  • Articulation of two or more bones with connective tissue.
  • Components:
    • Fibrous proteins (collagen and elastin).
    • Ground substance (water-saturated matrix).
    • Cells (such as chondrocytes and osteocytes).

FIBROUS PROTEINS

  • Collagen: Strong, resists tensile stress.
    • Type I: Found in tendons, ligaments, and fibrocartilage.
    • Type II: Thinner, less strength, and found in cartilage and skin.
  • Elastin: Allows for flexibility and return to original shape.

GROUND SUBSTANCE

  • Composition: Water, collagen, and elastin, which helps resist compression and stress.
  • Protects joints against excessive load (e.g., high BMI).

STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF JOINTS

  • Joint capsule, ligaments, tendons, articular cartilage, bursae, fibrocartilage, bone.

BONE TYPES

  • Compact Bone: Found in the shafts of long bones, composed of lamellae and osteons.
  • Spongy Bone: Found in the epiphyses and central areas of bones, irregular lamellae.

COMPARISON OF BONE AND CARTILAGE

  • Bone: Collected fibers, strong, repair potential is significant.
  • Cartilage: Has collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers; high deformation capacity, minimal repair ability.

JOINT CLASSIFICATION

  • Fibrous Joints: Little to no movement (e.g., sutures, syndesmosis).
  • Cartilaginous Joints: Limited movement (e.g., symphysis).
  • Synovial Joints: Allow for extensive movement, contain a joint capsule.
    • Classified into:
    • Uniaxial (hinge/pivot)
    • Biaxial (ellipsoid/condyloid)
    • Triaxial (ball-and-socket)
    • Nonaxial (gliding animations).

DIRECTIONAL TERMS

  • Anatomical Position: Standing forward with arms at sides and palms facing forward.

PLANE OF MOTION

  • Frontal, Transverse, Sagittal for analyzing motions.

GENERAL MOTION

  • All body parts move parallel in the same direction (e.g., linear motion).

KINEMATIC CHAINS OF MOTION

  • Open Kinematic Chain (OKC): Proximal fixed, distal moving.
  • Closed Kinematic Chain (CKC): Distal fixed, proximal moving.

KINEMATICS

  • Rotary Motion: Circular movement around a joint axis.
  • Active Movement: Muscle-driven.
  • Passive Movement: Driven by external forces.

OSTEOKINEMATICS

  • Movement of segments under voluntary control; typically rotary.
  • Degrees of Freedom: Number of planes of movement.
  • End-Feel: Resistance at the end of motion (hard, firm, or empty).

TYPES OF ARTHROKINEMATIC MOVEMENT

  1. Roll: Surface movement across another.
  2. Glide/Slide: Linear motion for alignment.
  3. Spin: One surface turns around another.

ARTHROKINEMATICS

  • Hypomobile: Limited movement.
  • Hypermobile: Excessive movement.
  • Close-Packed Position: Taut ligaments; maximum contact.
  • Loose-Packed Position: Slack ligaments; increased joint play.

IMMOBILIZATION

  • Effects include collagen loss in ligaments and tendons, capsule shortening, decreased cartilage thickness, and weakening of surrounding muscles.