particle made of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells	virus
protein coat surrounding a virus	capsid
type of infection in which a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst	lytic infection
kind of virus that infects bacteria	bacteriophage
type of infection in which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell's DNA	lysogenic infection
bacteriophage DNA that is embedded in the bacterial host's DNA	prophage
RNA virus that contains RNA as its genetic information	retrovirus
unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus	prokayote
preparation of weakened or killed pathogens used to produce immunity to a disease	vaccine
some viruses have these - if a virus does not have one of these, it is called a naked virus	envelope
enzyme used to make DNA from an RNA template	reverse transcriptase
the body's first reaction to a foreign substance, or antigen	primary immune response
the body's immune system's reaction to an antigen that has been encountered before, this one is much faster	secondary immune response

basic unit of life	cell
fundamental concept of biology that states that all living things are composed of cells; that cells cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and that new cells are produced from existing cells	cell theory
thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells; regulates what enters and leaves the cell	cell membrane
in cells, the structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA	nucleus
organims whose cells contain a nucleus	eukaryote
unicellular organisms that lacks a nucleus	prokaryote
fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus	cytoplasm
specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryoitic cell	organelle
cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplams in a cell; the site of protein synthesis	ribosome
internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells; place where lipid and protein components of the cell membrane are assemblied	endoplasmic reticulum
organelle in cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell	Golgi apparatus
cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates	vacuole
cell organelle that breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell	lysosome
network of protein filaments in a eukaryotics cell that gives the cell its shape and internal organization and is involved in movement	cytoskeleton
organlle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy	chloroplast
cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use	mitochondrion
strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells	cell wall
flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings	lipid bilayer
property of biological membranes that allows some substances to pass across it while others cannot; also called semipermeable membane	selectively permeable
relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain	homeostasis
process by which particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated	diffusion
process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels	facilitated diffusion
water channel protein in a cell	aquaporin
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane	osmosis
when the concentration of two solutions is the same	isotonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with greater concentration of solutes	hypertonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes	hypotonic
pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane	osmotic pressure

pairs of chromosomes that contain the same genes in the same order and locations along their length, one chromosome of each pair comes from the male parent and the other comes from the female parent	homologous
means double, a cell that has two sets of homologous chromosomes	diploid
having a single set of chromosomes, this is the amount in gametes of sexually reproducing organisms	haploid
the making of gametes, the process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell	meiosis
the structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis, specifically during prophase I	tetrad
during prophase I, when the tetrads form, bits and pieces of the homologous chromosomes can be exchanged	crossing over
the developmental time in life when a child experiences physical and hormonal changes that mark a transition into adulthood, develops secondary sexual characteristics and becomes able to have children	puberty
a pair of oval shaped glands in the scrotum that produce sperm and male hormones	testes
coiled, threadlike structures inside the testes that are essential for reproduction; the site of spermatogenesis	semiferous tubules
a narrow, tightly coiled tube that's attached to the back of each testicle; provides a storage site for immature spearm and vital to sperm maturation	epididymis
the male organ used for urination and sexual intercourse; the penis is located above the scrotum; it is made of spongy tissue and blood vessels	penis
a tube that allows urine to exit the body from the bladder during urination in both assigned at birth males and females	urethra
a muscular tube in the male reproductive system that transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra	vas deferens
a gland in the male reproductive system that produces a fluid that nourishes and transports sperm	prostate gland
an assigned at birth female reproductive organ in animals	ovary
another term for oviducts; a pair of muscular, J-shaped ducts in the female reproductive system that connect the ovaries to the uterus	fallopian tube
another terms for fallopian tubes; a pair of muscular, J-shaped ducts in the female reproductive system that connect the ovaries to the uterus	oviducts
a hollow, pear-shaped, muscular organ in a woman's pelvis that serves several reproductive functions - the location of the implantation and development of the fertilized egg during pregnancy; the site of menstruation	uterus
a vital part of the female reproductive tract, located at the base of the uterus; it allows sperm to pass into the uterine cavity on their way to fertlize eggs; helps keep the reproductive tract sterile; allows for safe delivery of a fetus	cervix
a muscular, elastic tube that's a vital part of the female reproductive system and sexual health - serves many functions that change throughout a woman's life in response to hormonal changes, such as during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause; it's also where babies pass through during birth, and where menstrual blood leaves the body	vagina
the shedding of the lining of the uterus (endometrium) and vaginal bleeding that occurs in women during their reproductive years, usually in monthly cycles, when pregnancy does not occur	menstruation
the period from conception to 12 weeks, or roughly the first three months from fertilization of an egg by a sperm - this time marks the most changes in the embryo	first trimester
represents the middle part of your pregnancy, from weeks 13 to 26	second trimester
the period between 28 and 42 weeks of gestation - the fetus undergoes rapid growth and development; their organs and senses mature and refine, and their circulatory, musculoskeletal, lung, brain, and nervous systems finish developing; the fetus also continues to add fat to keep them warm after birth	third trimester
an organ that connects a developing fetus to the uterine wall during pregnancy; responsible for gas exchange, nutrient absorption, waste removal, hormone production	placenta
a reproductive cell, also known as a sex cell, that fuses with another gamete during sexual reproduction to form a new organism	gamete
a single cell that results from the fertilization of an assigned at birth female gamete (egg or ovum) by a assigned at birth male gamete (sperm)	zygote

process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria	transformation
kind of virus that infects bacteria	bacteriophage
principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine	base pairing
monomer of DNA - consists of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrongenous base	nucleotide
there are four of these in DNA - adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine; biologists will often refer to these by the first letters of the each	nitrogen base
these are in between the sugars in the DNA backbone and are negatively charged	phosphate group
this is the type of sugar in DNA and connects to the phosphate group and the nitrogen base	deoxyribose sugar
this is the type of sugar in RNA and connects to the phosphate group and the nitrogen base	ribose sugar
a self-replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information	DNA
this is the single stranded information molecule in all organisms; principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses this molecule, rather than DNA carries the genetic information	RNA
process of copying DNA prior to cell division; uses several enzymes to speed up the process	DNA Replication
repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome	Telomer
principle enzyme involved in DNA replication; adds nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA from the 5' to the 3' direction	DNA polymerase III
an enzyme that joins DNA strands together by forming a bond between a 5' phosphate and a 3' hydroxyl group at the ends of the DNA fragments	DNA ligase
an enzyme that separates the two strands of a DNA molecule, breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs	DNA helicase
a short strand of single-stranded nucleic acid that acts as a starting point for DNA synthesis in living organisms	RNA primer
proteins that play a vital role in DNA replication, recombination, and repair specifically, for the purpose of our course, they work with other enzymes to keep the single stranded DNA (ssDNA) from breaking down	Single stranded binding proteins (SSBP)
one of two new DNA strands that are synthesized during DNA replication in the same direction as the replication fork	Leading strand
this strand strand is synthesized in small fragments, called Okazaki fragments, in the opposite direction of the replication fork	Lagging strand
short DNA pieces that form during the discontinuous replication of the lagging strand of DNA	Okazaki Fragments
a single stranded nucleic acid molecule found in most living organisms and viruses; backbone is made of alternating phosphate groups and ribose sugar	RNA
a single-stranded molecule of ribonucleic acid (RNA) that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus of a cell to the cytoplasm, where proteins are made	mRNA
a small RNA molecule that plays a vital role in protein synthesis by acting as a link between messenger RNA (mRNA) and amino acids	tRNA
a non-coding RNA molecule that's a key component of ribosomes, which are organelles that synthesize proteins in cells	rRNA
process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA	transcription
process in living cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates	translation
noncoding DNA sequence within a gene that is removed before the RNA molecule is translated into a protein	intron
a section of a gene that is part of the mature RNA produced by that gene after RNA splicing removes introns	exon

any member of the group of vertebrate animals in which the young are nourished with milk from special mammary glands of the mother	mammals
distinguished from other mammals by their large brains relative to body size, flat faces, and grasping hands; they also rely more on vision than smell, which gives them depth perception	primates
the group consisting of modern humans, extinct human species and all our immediate ancestors (including members of the genera Homo, Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Ardipithecus)	homonin
suggests that Homo sapiens evolved from multiple groups of Homo erectus in different parts of the world over millions of years	multiregional hypothesis
suggests that humans evolved in Africa and then migrated out to populate the rest of the world, replacing other early human species that had already left the continent; the hypothesis proposes that all modern humans are of African descent	out of Africa Hypothesis

Bio Semester 2 Final Exam