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Definition:
- Castration may also be referred to as a neuter, alter, or orchiectomy.
- Canine castration specifically refers to the surgical removal of the testicles in dogs.

Primary Indication:
- Sterilization of the dog (elective castration).
Other Indications:
- Prevention of roaming.
- Prevention of aggressive behavior or fighting.
- Prevention of urine marking.
- Correction of congenital abnormalities.
- Treatment of scrotal or testicular neoplasia.
- Treatment of scrotal abscess, infection, or trauma.
- Treatment of hormone-related diseases elsewhere in the body, e.g., prostatic disease, perineal hernias, perianal tumors.

A general use soft tissue surgical instrument pack is adequate for performing canine castration.

The canine patient should be placed in dorsal recumbency for castration.
The scrotum should be examined and palpated for the presence of both testicles before anesthesia is induced.
- If both testicles are present: Routine castration can be performed.
- If only one testicle is present: Dog is considered cryptorchid and may require inguinal or abdominal surgery to remove the other testicle.

The surgical area should be clipped from just below the tip of the prepuce to just above the scrotum, extending laterally into the inguinal section on both sides.
Important: The scrotum should not be clipped to avoid clipper burns due to its delicate skin, which can lead to postoperative complications such as licking, biting, or irritation.

Open Castration:
- The tunics are incised and the contents of the cord are ligated and transected separately.
- Procedure Steps:
  - Select the first testicle, apply cranial pressure to advance it into the prescrotal region.
  - Incise the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and spermatic fascia.
  - Incise the parietal vaginal tunic and gently extrude the testicle.
  - Place hemostatic clamps across the tunic at the attachment of the epididymis.
  - Separate the ligament of the tail of the epididymis from the tunic.
  - Recognize vascular cord and ductus deferens; ligate using absorbable suture or together.
  - Place circumferential ligature around both structures.
  - Transect the cord and check for bleeding before returning it to the tunic.
Closed Castration:
- Similar to open but without incising the parietal vaginal tunics.
- Incise skin, subcutaneous tissue, and spermatic fascia to exteriorize spermatic cord.
- Ligatures placed around the spermatic cord and tunics before transecting the cord.

Closure of the orchiectomy incision typically performed using two layers.
- Subcutaneous Tissues: Closed using a simple continuous pattern with absorbable suture.
- Skin: May be closed in a simple interrupted pattern with non-absorbable suture or a continuous intradermal pattern.

Common Complications:
- Hemorrhage and scrotal hematoma due to hemorrhaging vessels.
- Scrotal ablation may be necessary if hemostasis is unsuccessful.
- Potential for self-inflicted trauma, infection, or dehiscence of the incision site.
- Cold compresses can assist in hemostasis postoperatively.

Hospital Name: Not provided
Owner: John Doe
Address: 555 Sterling Lane, Jupiter, New York, 55555
Phone Number: 555-5555
Animal Name: Sasha
Species: Canine
Breed: Labrador
DOB: 05/05/2010
Date of Surgery: 01/03/2011
Primary Surgeon: Doctor Vet
Assistant: Technician Scrub
Diagnosis/Preoperative Signs: Intact male
Surgical Procedure: Open castration
Description of the Procedure:
- Ventral midline incision of 3 cm created in prescrotal region.
- Testicle advanced cranially, incision through skin, subcutaneous tissues extended.
- Vaginal tunic incised, right testicle exteriorized.
- Epididymis ligament dissected; ductus deferens and vascular cord ligated and transected.
- Same procedure performed on the left testicle.
Closure:
- Subcutaneous tissue closed with 2-0 PDS in continuous pattern.
- Succuticular tissue closed with 3-0 monocryl in continuous pattern.
- Skin closed with 3-0 nylon in interrupted pattern.

Primary Indication:
- Sterilization of the male cat.
Other Indications:
- Prevention of roaming.
- Prevention of aggressive behavior or fighting.
- Prevention of urine spraying or marking.
- Correction of congenital abnormalities.
- Treatment of scrotal neoplasia, abscess, infection, or trauma.
- Treatment of endocrine abnormalities, hormone-related diseases elsewhere in the body (similar to canine).

No special instrumentation required; a 10 or 15 blade necessary for incision into the scrotum.
Metal clips or suture can be used to ligate the spermatic cord.

Position male cat according to surgeon's preference (lateral or dorsal recumbency).
Prepare the testicle by gently plucking hair from the scrotum or clipping scrotal area.
Prepping and draping should follow aseptic technique.
One testicle is held while an incision is made over it.
- Parietal vaginal tunic is incised; the testicle extruded with gentle force while keeping the visceral vaginal tunic intact.
Spermatic cord gets ligated and transected using various techniques (e.g., square knots, overhand technique).
Scrotum is left unsutured to heal by second intention to limit self-mutilation.

Common complication includes scrotal bleeding.
Apply cold compress on the scrotum if bleeding occurs; further surgery may be required for bleeding vessels.

Hospital Name: Not provided
Owner: John Doe
Address: 555 Sterling Lane, Jupiter, New York, 55555
Phone Number: 555-5555
Animal Name: Kitty
Species: Feline
Breed: Domestic Shorthair
DOB: 05/05/2010
Date of Surgery: 01/03/2011
Primary Surgeon: Doctor Vet
Assistant: Technician Scrub
Diagnosis/Preoperative Signs: Intact Male
Surgical Procedure: Feline castration
Description of Procedure:
- Two 1 cm incisions made through the skin on left and right caudal scrotum to exteriorize each testicle.
- Right testicle exteriorized with cranial pressure, incision made.
- Ductus deferens and vascular cord tied together and transected distally.
- Process repeated on the left side.
Closure: Scrotal incisions left open to heal by second intention.