European Enlightenment 1700-1800 (book)

Enlightenment: European philosophical movement that stressed the use of reason rather than authority of ancient philosophers or religious leaders.

John Locke

1. 1632-1704

2. Preferred Bacon’s inductive approach

3. Political order comes from a contract in which individuals receive protection of their basic rights while voluntarily giving up some autonomy to the states

4. Only males capable of participating in government

Laissez Faire: Economic philosophy that business and nations benefit from a free market where each party seeks to maximize its comparative economic advantage

Europe sought to be Enlightened, Paris contained most of the intellectual flow from the western world.

Voltaire

1. 1694-1778

2. Used reason to spotlight superstitions, prejudices, and follies in 18th century European society.

3. Thought relativism was a necessary component of enlightened thinking

4. Incurred the displeasure of religious authorities

   1. Argued organized religion is always a hindrance to free and rational inquiry

Mary Wollstonecraft

1. 1759-1797

2. Sought for equality with women in education, citizenship, and financial autonomy

Reform

1. Philosophers thought the change would have to come from above if society would become enlightened.

2. Monarchs portrayed themselves as bringing order, harmony, and reason to their domains instead of just claiming divine right.