ch1

1. Front: When were X-rays discovered and by whom?
Back: X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen on November 8, 1895. He was a German physicist who accidentally discovered X-rays while experimenting with cathode rays.

2. Front: What happened the evening X-rays were discovered?
Back: Roentgen was working with cathode rays when he noticed a fluorescent screen glowing, even though it wasn’t in the direct path of the rays. He discovered a new form of radiation, later called X-rays.

3. Front: What was the first radiograph produced and when was it produced?
Back: The first radiograph was of Roentgen's wife's hand, Anna Bertha Roentgen, taken on December 22, 1895. It showed her bones and wedding ring.

4. Front: In the early days, how long did X-ray exposures take?
Back: Early X-ray exposures took several minutes due to less powerful equipment, contributing to radiation hazards for practitioners.

5. Front: Who was Clarence Dally?
Back: Clarence Dally was an assistant to Thomas Edison, one of the first people to suffer from radiation exposure. He died in 1904 from cancer caused by prolonged exposure to X-rays.

6. Front: What is fluoroscopy?
Back: Fluoroscopy is a medical imaging technique using X-rays to create real-time moving images of internal structures, often used in procedures like catheter insertion or barium studies.

7. Front: Define ionizing radiation.
Back: Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, creating ions. It can cause damage to living tissues, leading to cancer or genetic mutations.

8. Front: Differentiate between fundamental quantities, derived quantities, and radiologic quantities.
Back:

  • Fundamental quantities: Basic physical measurements (e.g., length, mass).

  • Derived quantities: Quantities derived from fundamental quantities (e.g., speed, force).

  • Radiologic quantities: Quantities used in radiology (e.g., exposure, absorbed dose, effective dose).

9. Front: What is the difference between mobile equipment and permanently installed equipment?
Back:

  • Mobile equipment: Portable devices, such as mobile X-ray machines or portable CT scanners.

  • Permanently installed equipment: Fixed devices, like stationary X-ray machines or MRI scanners.

10. Front: What is the X-ray tube, and what are the names of the electrodes it contains?
Back: The X-ray tube is used to produce X-rays. It contains two electrodes:

  • Cathode: Negative electrode, which emits electrons.

  • Anode: Positive electrode, typically made of tungsten, where electrons strike to produce X-rays.

11. Front: What are the three basic configurations of the tube stand?
Back:

  • Ceiling-mounted stand: The tube is suspended from the ceiling.

  • Floor-mounted stand: The tube is mounted on the floor, allowing movement on a track.

  • Mobile stand: The tube is mounted on a movable platform.

12. Front: What are the cardinal principles for minimizing radiation dose?
Back:

  • Time: Minimize exposure time.

  • Distance: Maximize distance from the radiation source.

  • Shielding: Use proper shielding, such as lead aprons or barriers.

13. Front: What are primary and secondary barriers of protection?
Back:

  • Primary barriers: Barriers directly in the path of the X-ray beam, preventing direct exposure.

  • Secondary barriers: Barriers protecting against scatter radiation, placed around the room or behind control booths.

13. Front: What is the formula for velocity?
Back: Velocity = Displacement / Time (v = d/t)

14. Front: What is the formula for acceleration?
Back: Acceleration = Change in velocity / Time (a = Δv/t)

15. Front: What is the formula for work?
Back: Work = Force × Distance (W = Fd)

9. Front: What is the formula for speed?
Back: Speed = Distance / Time (s = d/t)

10. Front: What is the formula for force?
Back: Force = Mass × Acceleration (F = ma)

11. Front: What is the formula for energy?
Back: Energy = Force × Distance (E = Fd)