CRM 2707
Itinérance cachée
People who live temporarily with others, lack of long term housing security
Absence of options regarding housing, the temporary character of it, and absence of a real job are principal factors
Sleeping in the car, couch surfing, staying temporarily with friends or family, apartment crowding, living in hotels or motels, staying in an abusive situation
Often seen as individual, but is actually a cause of many social factors
Limited access to health and social services
Economic disparities due to a capitalist society
Cisgender, straight, racist, and colonial norms
L’itinérance feminine
Factors that contribute:
Poverty - has consequences on food security as well as health and isolation
Violence has consequences on health and security
Stigma
Is considered hidden because even if a woman is “roaming”, she will hide it to avoid victimisation, because she is scared to lose her kids or childcare, and scared of judgements
Les femmes autochtones sont les plus nombreuses sur la rue, 12% des sans abri de la ville de Montréal sont autochtones, métis, ou inuit
Femmes inuit sont particulièrement ciblées par les réseaux de prostitutions
Resources:
refuges are not always adequate
Lack of access to woman only resources
Isn’t always resources for kids
Particular hardships for trans women
Rules of shelters could sometimes exclude addicts of those with mental health problems
Could present with a heavy abusive past and shelters aren’t always equipped for that
Triple invisibility
Physical, scientific, social
This invisibility could lower punishment, but also raise victimizations
Diversité sexuelle et pluralité de genre
Impacts de la discrimination
les personnes trans évitent daller au urgence a cause du fait quelles sont trans
Le craint d’être suspecte de pedophilie par qu’il sont 2ELGBTQ+
Plus de violence conjugale dans la communauté, et peu rapporte
29% des jeunes sans abri sont membre de la communauté - non acceptation par leurs familles
Angle juridique:
Historically, male homosexuality and MtF transitude have caused much more concern/aroused interest (medical and scientific) than female homosexuality (or FtM transitude) = a certain invisibility
Premiere code criminel - 1892
Sodomy between men is punishable, and is even placed in the same category as beastiality
The act of gross indecency remained undefined, but was aimed at sexual practises outside the heterosexual norm
The original formulation of gross indecency was specifically referring to acts between men, while relationships between women are ignored
In 1953, the criminal code updated to add women into the act of gross indecency by erasing the specific reference to men
Punishable by 5 years
Reforms
In 1954, the British government started a comité on homsexual infractions and prostitution, they recommend out the “Rapport Wolfenden” in 1957 that states that homsexual acts between consenting adults is not longer a criminal infraction
It wasn’t until 1967 where a reforme was actually put in place - “sexual offences act”
These 2 acts had a major influence on Canada
Everett George Kilppert -
brought to court for homosexual relations in 1965 in canada
Condemned on 4 counts of gross indecency for the second time, as he was charges 5 years earlier
A request was made to declare him a dangerous sexual delinquent, and the Supreme Court agreed
This was the case that got people wanting modifications to the criminal code
1969 -
Before 1969, sexual activities between gay people was considered a crime and punishable by prison
In 1969 the Canadian government adopted a project law that decriminalized private homosexual acts between people over 21
Sodomy and gross indecency remained illegal outside of the house, or if more than 3 people are implicated or present
Homosexuality in general stayed considered a crime in many circumstances still
1977 -
Quebec becomes the first province to modify the provincial chart of rights to include sexual orientation as a motif of discrimination
Charte provinciale des droits de la personne
The rest f Canada followed suit in 1996
Loi canadienne sur les droits de la personne
1987 -
21 years later, the government overturn the gross indecency act
And only recently in 2019 the age of consent for sodomy was lowered to the same age of consent for everything else - 16 years old
Conversion therapy:
Psychological, physical, and confessional interventions to enforce and erase same sex attraction
Favours heterosexual cisgender comportements
25% des personnes ont subies des pression pour changer leurs orientation sexuelle
5% on subie la thérapie conversion
“Guérir”
10% des cas de thérapie de conversion, faites par les professionnelles par des réseaux de santé
In 2021 the criminal code was modified to create the following infractions: forcing someone to follow conversion therapy, taking action to take a child elsewhere to follow conversion therapy, promoting conversion therapy, benefitting from conversion therapy
Intersex interventions
The penal code criminalises genital mutilations and is put in place to protect intersex children
Crime - committing acts that injure, mutilate, or disfigure the victim or puts their life in danger
Punishment - max emprisonnent of 14 years
Exceptions include if it is performed by a medical professional who has the right under provincial laws for the persons physical, mental, or formal reproduction functions, or sexual appearance/function, and if the person is 18 and it does not involve personal injury
La violence sexuelle
Concept de violence et pouvoir:
L’acte et les consequence de ces actes
Violence interpersonnelle = acte de pouvoir d’une personne a un autre
Direct
Violence structurelle = axes de pouvoir qui provoke des formes de violence - discrimination dans les institutions
Moins d’accès aux resources etc.
La violence est toujours traversée par des rapports des pouvoirs, mais les rapports ne sont pas toujours traversée par les violences
La pouvoirs n’es pas toujours négatif
Les violences à caractère sexuel et l’agression sexuelle, telles que nous les connaissons, n’ont pas toujours existé. Non pas que les gestes qu’on associe aujourd’hui à la violence à caractère sexuel ou à l’agression sexuelle n’existaient pas. C’est plutôt que ces mêmes gestes n’ont pas toujours été définis comme de la violence, et de la violence à caractère sexuel. Quand on parle de construction sociale, on réfère à la façon dont on définit certains phénomènes et comment cette définition évolue dans le temps.
Les angles de la violence
L’angle social: comment on parle de l’issue sur un plan social, comment définir le phénomène
L’angle politique: comment la phénomène est en parler dans la sphere politique, les actions réalisés par la gouvernement
Violence fondée sur le sexe (VFS)
La violence émotionnelle
Menacer, humilier, intimider etc
Comportement contrôler
Harcèlement
Isoler des amies et familles
La violence physique
Violence financier
Voler des infos financiers
Arrêter daller au travaille ou école
Violence sexuelle
3 grandes pliers pour mettre a fin la VFS:
1. Prévention
2. Soutenir
3. Un système juridique réactif
Donne des moyens a des solutions
Violence à caractère sexuelle (VACS)
Plus inclusif à d’autres crimes
Cyberviolences, homophobie, harcèlement, voyeurisme, exhibitionnisme, l’agression sexuelle, avancement physique non désirée
L’angle juridique: Sous quelle forme retrouve t-on ces violences dans le code criminel canadien?
La construction d’une violence dans un temps et place: est important parce que il ya des differences au cours des époques, cultures, sociétés selon nos définition des certaines comportements; les sorciers par ex
Premier code criminel en 1892- article 266: viol est quand quelqu’un qui nest pas ton partenaire te viol, moins de 14 ans ne peut pas commettre le crime, La connaissance charnelle est complète s'il y a pénétration, même au moindre degré, et même s'il n'y a pas émission de semence
Reforme du code criminel en 1983
Dans son intervention de 1983, le législateur distingue trois différents crimes d’agression sexuelle (art. 271, 272 et 273 C. cr.), selon la gravité objective de l’agression
Les caractéristiques de la violence structurelle:
Intégrée dans les structures
Il y a un culture qui l’entoure qui est qualifiée comme misogyne ou sexiste
Gabrielle Peltier -
CALACS un organization contre l’agressions sexuelles
Centre Aide Lutte Agressions Caractère Sexuel
1990 - 2020
Approche féministe
Services en français
Défis incluent sous finances, vagues de dénonciations, backlash, femicide et misogynie, pandémie
Si la victime n’était pas mariée et qu’il y avait eu viol, elle devait marier l’agresseur
Les luttes anti violes années 1970
Le consentement est au cœur d’une relation sexuelle saine.
Voici 3 éléments importants concernant le consentement :
La notion de libre choix - Un choix personnel, non manipulé
La capacité - L’état de la personne - médicaments, santé
L’âge - Un enfant est jugé incapable de consentir
Il ya des conséquences physiques et psychologiques
Mme Arbour recommande: le retrait de la justice martiale (justice militaire) pour le traitement des agressions sexuelles et du harcèlement sexuel
Il y a des inconduites sexuelles dans les forces armées canadiennes (2022) —> culture organisationnelle problématique / transversale / fermée
Femmes, jeunes femmes 15-34, personnes bisexuelles, premier nations, femmes incapacités sont plus à risques
Cyberviolence
La surveillance, stalking online etc.
Violence spirituelle
Stopping someone from exprimer leurs croyances ou obliger de adhérer a un autre
Les identités les plus en risques a la violence conjugale:
Les femmes…
…de 15-19
…autochtones
…handicaps
…trans
La pluralité et la violence de genre:
L’article 286 interdit la mutilation génitale, un exception donne a les enfants intersexe
Fait les chirurgie sur les intersexes pour conformer a la norme
Texte de Dorais et Garvais 2019:
10 Personnes trans participantes ont vécu des agressions sexuelles avant, pendant et après la transition.
Facteurs de vulnérabilité (de risque) aux agressions sexuelles
rapport au corps (estime, rejet, fragilité) = rend difficile de négocier des pratiques sexuelles sécuritaires.
intersection du statut de personne trans et statut de femme = objectivation et érotisation des femmes trans (porno) pour survivre
travail du sexe (découlant des barrières en emploi et de la pauvreté)
Les mythes en lien avec la violence sexuelle chez les personnes trans:
Bête de sexe - elles prêtent à toutes les pratiques sexuelles, quelles ne disent jamais non —> augment la vulnérabilité
Agression sexuelle comme étant la cause de la transition —> mis en place pour invalider leurs identité
Intersectionalité des femmes trans:
2x plus de chance d’engager en travaille de sexe
Quand on ajoute la dimension de genre et de race/ethnicité, on voit que les femmes trans noires ont 4 fois plus de chance de se retrouver dans l’industrie du sexe/prostitution que les personnes trans
Quand on ajoute la dimension de genre et de race/ethnicité, on voit que les femmes trans noires ont 4 fois plus de chance de se retrouver dans l’industrie du sexe/prostitution que les personnes trans
Les agressions sexuelles plus hautes a cause des fetishes
Les autochtones:
La colonisation:
Dépossédés de leurs territoires
Assujettis a un contrôle de l’extérieur
Assimilé dans la culture, et en certains cas, extermines
Angle juridique -
La constitution reconnaît 3 groupes de peuples: premieres nations, inuits, métis
Ont leurs histoires, langues, pratiques propres
Environ 50 nations au Canada
1,67 millions de personnes
Pas homogènes
Les premiers nations sont les indiens inscrits au registre de indiens suivant la loi
Les non-inscrits n’ont pas la statut indiens à l’égard a la loi
Les inuits sont vers le nord; intégrés au Canada vers 1912
Pas sur la loi des indiens, mais parti du groupe autochtones et sont en contact avec la gouvernement
Ils ont négocié différents accords avec le gouvernement federal qui définissent leur statut
Ne comptent donc pas parmi les premiers nations
Métis sont de statut mixte origine associer a les territoires, langue, cultures pas seulement leurs race
Ne figurent pas au registre et ne disposent d’aucun statut particulier
La loi comme un violence structurelle
Actes sur les sauvages (1876) pour traiter le sauvage dans l’enfant
1911 - permission d’exproprier une reserve, ou un partie dune reserve pour construire les routes des chemins, our d’autre infrastructure publique
Controller les peuples en leurs donner les territoires
La gouvernement peut réclamer la territoire si’l besoin de construits des rues
1914 - toutes danses dehors des reserves ou participation a leurs cultures est enterdite
Attack sur la culture, ne peuvent pas pratiquer leurs identité sans threat de prison
1920 - les pensionnats sont imposée — 7-15 ans
1951 - acte sure les sauvages devient la loi sur les indiens
Si un non-autochtone marri un autochtone, il/elle le devient sous la loi
Mais si c’est l’autre cote, il/elle est plus la droit de réclamer le statut
Affect sur tout leur génération
Si un femme autochtone mari un homme du l’autre bande autochtone, elle doit quitter sa propre bande
1984 - reforme
Donne les femmes la droit de réclamer leurs status perdu
Elles sont reconnues comme membres de leurs bandes d’origine et leurs enfants obstinent le statut
Intersection du colonialisme, racisme, et sexisme a travers la prostitution
La race et le centre de morale des colons blanc
Diminue le contact avec les “autres”
Les femmes autochtones sont vue comme moralement inférieur et hypersexuelle
Disponibles sur le plan sexuelle
Dans l’acte sauvage de 1876 il est interdit pour un femme autochtones pour consommer l’alcool
Aussi interdit pour les prostituées et les femmes autochtones d’être laissais sur la propriété ou dans les maisons des colons blancs
1892 un contradiction dans la loi pour les deux groupes des femmes
Les femmes autochtones qui font la prostitution sont considérés plus graves que les femmes blancs
L’affaire de Robert Pickton:
Tuer les prostituées autochtones
Pris beaucoup d’années pour que la police prend ce cas an sérieux
Au moins trentaine de femmes tuées
Situation de Val d’or
Les cures géographique: isolating women who are not sober in deserted places
Aggressions sexuels
Violence psychologique
Violence d’intoxication involontaire
Violence interpersonnelle
Les homicides contre les femmes autochtones sont 6x plus élevés
Killed by someone they knew (81%) a partner (35%) a connaissance (24%) or family (22%)
In most cases the perpetrator is also autochtone
Violence subies et agies
The representation for aboriginal girls and women in prison is 44%, while aboriginal youth of the general population is only 7%
L’arrêt Gladue
Femme autochtone condamné à l’emprisonnement pour l’homicide involontaire de sont conjoint
Chaque peine ce fait avec un analyse individuel
Pour les délinquants autochtones les juges doivent utiliser une méthode d’analyse différente
Have to take into account the systemic and historic aspect that affects aboriginals and must also consider the corrective approach when deciding punishment
Judges must have prison as a last resort
Principe de Joyce:
This principle is a declaration, a call to action and commitment to governments to stop an intolerable and unacceptable situation. In itself, the Joyce Principle is inspired by the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007), Article 24, which reads as follows:
Indigenous peoples have the right to their traditional pharmacopoeia and they have the right to preserve their medical practises, including the preservation of their medicinal plants, animals and minerals of vital interest. Aboriginal people also have the right to access, without discrimination, all social and health services.
Aboriginal people have the right, in all equality, to enjoy the best possible state of physical and mental health. States shall take the necessary measures to ensure
85% of women and 91% or aboriginal women in federal prison were victims of physical or sexual abuse
Research shows that police procedures are inadequate for aboriginal women
They are not taken seriously
There’s a struggle with both over-policing which leads to racial profiling and over-incarceration, and also under policing which leads to normalised violence against these women, under protected women, and unpunished crimes
Violence subies par les femmes de le travail de sex:
Street prostitution, naked dancer bars, so-called erotic or sexual massage parlours, escort agencies, independent escorts, sexy waitress restaurants, pornography, erotic films and photos made for commercial purposes.
It is important to distinguish between voluntary prostitution and forced prostitution.
Position abolitionniste -
condemns a sexist and in equal system that represents “l’appropriation patriarcale du corps et de la sexualité des femmes”
Sexual marchandisation of women encorurages violence by men onto women
Claims the decriminalisation of women; as long as customers, pimps, and establishment owners are criminalised
There is only prostitution because there is demand
Position pro-travail du sexe -
recognition of professionalism
The conditions for the exercise of labour activities are considered to be violent towards women.
Claim for total decriminalisation (legalisation) in order to combat the stigmatisation of those involved and improve the living conditions of workers.
Reduction of harm.
Feminist movements -
tensions arise in the movement because the sale of sexual services is not unanimous
Radical feminists tend to see prostitution as a symbole of ultimate oppression towards women
Angle juridique -
in the first criminal code, tramping laws imported from England in 1892 criminalized prostitution
A person who engaged in prostitution was the subject of a criminal charge
In 1972 the law on vagabonds was repealed
The same year, the adoption of a new article that stated anyone who solicits a person in a public place for the purpose of prostitution is guilty of an offence punishsable by conviction
Two committees were focussed on the question of sex work:
Comité Badgley:
1980, government made this committee to avoid prostitution in young people
Proposed 52 recommendations
Brought to light that
1. Most where female
2. Most children were under 16
3. A majority of sex workers came from middle class families
4. For many children who run away the family situation is intolerable
Comité Fraser:
Also in 1980, for the purpose of studying problems related to porn and prostitution
They discovered that the solicitation law did not achieve the objective of reducing prostitution but rather it dehumized and degraded the prostitute
Demands that the government develop long term programs to improve social and economic conditions of prostitutes
In 1985, following the Fraser committee, they replace the solicitation law with a law that criminalizes the communication for the purpose of buying or selling sexual services
Did not take into account the fact that there needed to be a revision of the Canadian act on prostitution
The new law meant that prostitues and clients who met on the street were also guilty
Bedford c. Canada -
in 2013 a group of sex workers decided to challenge the certain provisions of the Canadian criminal code surrounding sex work
the existing laws did not guarantee safety because it was not possible to legally practice indoors, hire managers, hire drivers or bodyguards
In 2014 the parliament passed a bill respecting the protection of communities and victims of exploitation
Aimed to reduce prostitution as much as possible and made the purchase of sexual services an offence for the first time in Canadian history
Includes internet transactions, and offers immunity to people who sell their own sexual services, but the buyer is still committing an infraction
No longer illegal to live off profits made from selling your own sex work
Exploitation sexuelle
International trafficking:
trafficking a person from one country to another
Entering a country with fraudulent papers
Being tricked into coming into a country for a non-existent job
National trafficking
The whole crime has taken place within the borders of one country
The victim could be anyone as long as it happens in one country
Illegal immigration vs. Trafficking:
illegal immigration is the illegal passage by an international border
Usually voluntary
Finishes after the person reaches their destination
Could later become trafficking victims
Comme infraction:
it was only in 2005 that human trafficking became a crime in the Canadian code
Human trafficking is prevalent in the following fields:
Sex work, agricultural work, construction, organ harvesting, forced mariages
The Canadian code concernes more financial trafficking than sexual
95% of victims are women and girls
44% are between 18 and 24, and 26% are under 18
81% of the time, men are accused 43% are 18-34, and 6% 12-17
Ontario has the most, then Quebec
Migrants, new arrivals, young people, and aboriginal people are most at risk
2% of victimes are trans
To deceive their victims, traffickers often promise them a better or more prestigious life, or a relationship.
In order to have a grip on their victims, traffickers can destroy their trust or use violence, including physical, psychological and financial violence. They isolate and manipulate them, in addition to generally controlling:
The money they have;
Their identity documents (such as the passport);
Their workplaces;
Their housing conditions;
Their relationships.
Victims dont ask for help because they are scared for their lives, dont understand that they are being trafficked, were taught to lie to authorities, don’t know their rights in Canada, or are scared for their families
Section 118 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act prohibits the knowing organisation of the arrival in Canada of one or more persons through abduction, fraud, deception or threat of force or coercion.
The crime set out in this Act is limited to transnational cases when a person is brought to Canada from another location. The term "organise" includes recruitment, transportation, and then, after entering Canada, reception and accommodation.
Cyberviolence:
Cybermisogynie - ensemble des actes inappropriés, répréhensibles ou criminels posés à l’encontre d’internautes perçues comme des femmes à l’aide d’outils de communication numérique
Violence specifically aimed at women
Often excused because it does not happen physically
As a result, women modify their online presence to avoid cyber bullying
Women ages 18-24 are most at risk
Women who already face discriminations are more at risk to experience cyber-misogyny
Women in the public sphere are exposed to pornographic content made of them, horrible comments, and toxic tweets
Gregory Elliot was found not guilty to cyber harassing two women because the evidence was not permissible for condemnation
Retheah Parson - cyber bullied after being sexually assaulted, took her life at 17 years old
Anita Sarkeesian - created a series where she analyses female video characters, received a lot of hate
Zoe Quinn - developed video games, after her ex boyfriend accused her of cheating, was threatened, hacked, doxxed, and even fled her house
# Gamergate - potential lack of ethics between video gamer developers, and journalists
Supporters oppose what they consider to be the imposition of feminist views on video game culture
Use bullying and threats of violence to keep women out the gaming fields
Angle juridique
Need to acquire knowledge about technologies or specific investigation techniques for crimes committed online
For example, all diffusion of intimate pictures is illegal, but not images that have someone’s face pasted on without consent
Violences subies par les femmes handicapées:
2 perspectives pour penser à l’handicap -
Modèle médicale
Comprend que les gens ont les défections, et dans certains cas isoler ses individus
Près au 2e guerre mondiale
Essayer de normaliser l’individu
Réparer le corps
Très présent aujourd’hui
La problème est à l’intérieur de l’individu et doit être corriger
Médical intervention is seen to be a promise of normalisation
Curing the disability
Modèle caritatif
Regard intern
Pitié, on doit les sauvées
S’insert dans le façon qu’on vois les gens handicapées
Depuis les années 70’s
Perspective sociale
In reaction to the individual perspective
Rights based model
It is up to society to adapt, not the person to adapt to society
Focuses on human rights and equality
Regard les differences individuelles
Regard comment la société est basée sur les structures non-handicapés
Mis à lumière les barriers sociale
La société est créé pour un personne capable
Il ya des situations sociale qui peuvent rendre quelqu’un en situation handicap
“Personne en situation handicape” —> éviter idée que l’handicap est individuelle
la violence des handicapés nest pas encore pris en considération par la gouvernement/systèmes d’éducation
L’handicap physique est parler a propos la plupart du temps, et les handicapés cognitives et psychologiques sont souvent oui lier dans les discours
Handicap et violence:
11-16% des femmes au Québec sont en situation handicapés physique out cognitif
Conjugal violence is under-documented for handicapped women, but well known
Adoption of laws in favour of forces sterilization of vulnerable persons by Alberta from 1928-1972
Women with disabilities denied the right to motherhood by prohibiting them from having acccess to adoption and new reproductive technologies
Plus haute risque d’être victime de violence
L’idée que les handicapés sont faible est construit dans la société - on peut pas imaginer qu’ils ont un sexualité non-plus
Manque de l’éducation sexuelle a cause d’être dans les classes spéciale
L’éducation sexuelle est important pour identifier ce qui est violence sexuelle
L’angle juridique:
Dans le code criminelle de 1892, si l’agresseur connaît que la fille ou femme est en situation handicape, le viol est criminel même sans semence
Dans le code criminel de 1998, vise à protéger les gens dans la situation handicap mentale ou physique par l’interdiction de violence par les personnes en autorité
La peine de agresser un personne handicape est moins grave, mais il est rarement utiliser seul, souvent avec la peine de l’agression sexuelle elle meme
De plus en plus les personnes en situations handicapées cognitives vont témoigner
Decorum = la fonctionnement d’un procès (se lever quand le juge entre par ex.)
Changer quelques aspect de cela na aucune effet sur un process plein et entier pour l’accuser
Le temps de témoignage est des fois longue, donc le ait d’être rester debout peuvent causer des problèmes avec les personnes en situations handicapées physiques
Les questions répétitives ont la pour verifier que les informations restes les memes, utiliser pour trouver les trous dans les histoires
Peut changer la réponse a cause qu’ils pense ils ont mal répondus la première fois
Lectures:
Perrault, 2015 - La violence intersectionnelle dans la pensée féministe autochtone contemporaine
Intersectional Violence in the Contemporary Aboriginal
Feminist Thought
Making the ideas of theoretical indigenous more accessible
Adresses colonialism and sexual violence as central to political critique
Lee Maracle and Patricia Monture Angus have shaped political elated despite being marginalized
Intersectionality and violence - tied to colonial governance, requiring and integrated analysis of inequalities
Critiques classic intersectionality as it overlooks indigenous experiences
Emphasizing that sexual violence is a form of colonial control
Indigenous women face double marginalization
Feminist decolonization must confront all forms of domination and recognize the links between sexism and state racism
Healing post-colonial wounds requires opposing patriarchal structures
Indigenous feminism is integral for genuine decolonization
Godin & Flynn, 2022 - Violence de la part d’un partenaire intime et itinérance. Qu’en est-il des femmes en situation de handicap au Québec ?
Intimate partner violence and homelessness. What about women with disabilities in Quebec?
The intersection of intimate partnered violence and homelessness of women with disabilities in Quebec
These women face significant economic challenges and violence
Often overlooked in the context of partner violence and disability
Life story’s of 17 women who experienced both
Lack of appropriate resources for women with disabilities to escape contributes to homelessness
Financial instability and homelessness often leads them back to violent relationships
Interpersonal and structural violence confront them, limiting social participation and keeping them poor
Patriarchy and ableism
Systemic barriers lead to lack of housing and employment which leads to vulnerability
The cycle of abuse continues because of a lack of viable alternatives
Various forms of oppression interact to create unique challenges for these women
Seeks inclusive policies that advocate for inclusive social and economic policies
Perrault, 2017 - Femmes autochtones : la violence coloniale et ses avatars
Indigenous women: Colin al violence and its avatars
Violence against indigenous women is rooted in colonialism which has led to discrimination and exclusion
Compared to femicide, indicating the severity of the situation
Systemic violence - not individual acts, but a large pattern of oppression embedded into societal structures
Intersectionality to explore how indigenous women face many layers of discrimination
Makes their needs and experiences invisible
Historical treatment has have contributed to marginalization and violence
The patriarcal nature of colonial systems have disrupted traditional roles and statuses of indigenous women and thus contributed to violence and vulnerability
Highlights the role of community and activist groups in advocating for change
Stresses the need to recognize and address the violence against indigenous women as a critical issue affecting the whole community
Damant et al., 2019 - Trajectoires de violences subies et agies de femmes québécoises : pistes pour l’intervention
Trajectories of violence suffered and committed by quebecois women: tracks for intervention
intersectionality to understand how various social differentiations intersect and influence women’s experience of violence
Highlights the complexities of privilege and oppression
Life stories of 26 women, life trajectories are often marked by repeated victimization during childhood and adolescence and domestic violence
These experiences can lead to financial and employment difficulties, potentially driving women to commit crimes
While many women experience a single form of violence as a child, the diversity of violence they engaged in, increased
Understanding the dynamics of oppression is crucial for developing effective interventions
The forms of violence women experience leads to lack of ressources, which leads to crime
Caron, 2021 - Phénomène global, expérience locale. Ce que les expériences de Québécoises révèlent des cyberviolences
Cyber violence as an evolution of violence against women
Highlights the psychological and economic costs of cyberviolence including anxiety, sleep disorders, loss of income, and reduced professional opportunities
The need to consider local and cultural contexts to understand women’s experience with cyberviolence
Can différé greatly based on language and social dynamics
Suggests the need for more research to better document the impacts of cyberviolence and to focus on high risk groups such as politicians, feminists and women from marginalized communities
technology and gender are co-constructed - the use of digital tools can reinforce or challenge existing gender norms
Dorais & Garvais, 2019 - Après le silence chez les personnes trans
Thé necessity to use inclusive language to respect and acknowledge diverse gender incentives
Specific risks to trans people - body image issues, discrimination, and potential engaging in survival sex work
Types of aggressors include cisgender men, cisgender women, intimate partners, family, clients
Contexts of agression include intimate relationships, familiar settings, public spaces, and work environments
Many trans people choose isolation as a protective measure against violence affecting their social interactions and employment
Critique of the complexity and inefficiency of support services like IVAC, emphasizing their need for more accessible services
Call for improved training for service providers to better understand the need of trans individuals
The importance of community support
Intersectionality
Many trans people feel they will be invalidated if they seek help after a sexual assault
Negative past experiences and feeling they dont fit into the compatibility for services also deter them from seeking help