My Exam Study Guide

Adjustment Disorder

Adjustment Disorder Description: disproportionate distress

Adjustment Disorder Time Period: within 3 months of stressor

Adjustment Disorder Prevalence: very common, females more

Adjustment Disorder Comorbidities: physical illness/injury

Acute Stress Disorder

Acute Stress Disorder Description: symptom response to trauma, 9 symptoms

Acute Stress Disorder Time period: 3 days – 1 month

Acute Stress Disorder Prevalence: 20-50% interpersonal trauma, females more

PTSD

PTSD Description: response to trauma symptom from each category

PTSD Time period: 1+ month

PTSD Prevalence: 7%, females more

PTSD Comorbidities: mild TBI, depression, bipolar, anxiety, substance abuse

PTSD Causes: SAM system learned stimuli behavior; factors: gender, genetics, brain, social environment, occupation/temperament/family history

PTSD Treatment: stress inoculation prep, meds, prolonged exposure, CBT conjoint (couples), cognitive processing therapy (self-regulate and cope)

GAD

GAD Description: disproportionate anxiety about multiple things, 3+ symptoms

GAD Time period: 6+ months

GAD Prevalence: 6%, females more, adolescence

GAD Causes: Biological (genes, low GABA, high cortisol), Psychological (conflict in id/ego)

GAD Treatment: CBT (strategies), anxiolytic and buspirone

Specific Phobia

Specific Phobia Description: strong, unreasonable fear, avoidance of feared situation

Specific Phobia Prevalence: 12%, females more, adolescence

Specific Phobia Causes: genetics, behavioral temperament, conflict in id/ego

Specific Phobia Treatment: exposure therapy (modeling, flooding, systematic desensitization)

Social Anxiety Disorder

Social Anxiety Disorder Description: severe, irrational fears of social situations and embarrassment

Social Anxiety Disorder Prevalence: 12%, females more, adolescence

Social Anxiety Disorder Comorbidities: anxiety, depression, substance use

Social Anxiety Disorder Causes: genetics, temperament, schema bias and learned behaviors

Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment: CBT and medication (high relapse)

Agoraphobia

Agoraphobia Description: Fear of a situation and being unable to escape in a panic attack

Agoraphobia Prevalence: 1.4%, females more

Agoraphobia Comorbidities: panic disorder, PTSD

Agoraphobia Treatment: behavioral therapy with exposure approach

Panic Disorder

Panic Disorder Description: panic attacks, 4/13 symptoms

Panic Disorder Prevalence: 5%, females more, ages 20-40

Panic Disorder Comorbidities: other disorder, suicide ideation/attempt

Panic Disorder Causes: genetics, brain, low GABA, high serotonin, theories (cognitive, learning, anxiety)

Panic Disorder Treatment: antidepressants, psychoeducation (coping), exposure therapy

OCD

OCD Description: obsessions/compulsions are excessive, cause distress, take time

OCD Prevalence: 3%, no gender difference, adolescence

OCD Comorbidities: other anxiety, depression

OCD Causes: genetics, brain, low serotonin, id/ego conflict, behavioral-cognitive stimulus learning

OCD Treatment: antidepressants, neurosurgery, exposure and response prevention (> than meds)

Somatic symptom disorder

Somatic symptom disorder Description: 1+ somatic symptoms with disproportionate response

Somatic symptom disorder Time period: 6+ months

Somatic symptom disorder Prevalence: 6%, females more

Somatic symptom disorder Comorbidities: anxiety, depression

Somatic symptom disorder Causes: attention bias for illness info, observational learning with reinforcement

Somatic symptom disorder__Treatment:__ therapy with ERP and remove reinforcement, medical management

Illness anxiety disorder

Illness anxiety disorder Description: preoccupied with developing illness, anxiety, no somatic symptoms

Illness anxiety disorder Time period: 6+ months

Illness anxiety disorder Causes: oversensitive to bodily cues, modeling/conditioning

Illness anxiety disorder Treatment: antidepressants, ERP, CBT

Conversion disorder

Conversion disorder Description: neurological symptoms with no somatic basis and inconsistencies

Conversion disorder Prevalence: 0.005%, females more

Conversion disorder Comorbidities: depression, anxiety, somatic/dissociative symptoms

Conversion disorder Causes: behavioral reinforcement, id/ego conflict (anxiety>>bodily disturbance)

Conversion disorder Treatment: behavior therapy, CBT, hypnosis

Factitious disorder

Factitious disorder Description: faking symptoms for external gain

Factitious disorder Prevalence: 0.5-0.8% in hospital, females more

Factitious disorder Causes: unknown

Dissociative Amnesia

Dissociative Amnesia Description: fugue episode, loss of memory triggered by traumatic event

Dissociative Amnesia Prevalence: 0.2%

Dissociative Amnesia Causes: personality/memory repressed in trauma with no escape, brain activity changes

DID

DID Description: 2+ alters with unique memory, thought, emotion, behavior, recurrent amnesia

DID Prevalence: 1.5%, females more

DID Comorbidities: depression, PTSD, borderline PD, substance abuse (5+ disorders)

DID Causes: posttraumatic theory, socio-cognitive theory

DID Treatment: hypnosis, integrate the personality

Acute Stress and PTSD Symptoms: Intrusion, Avoidance, Negative mood, Dissociation, Arousal

Panic Disorder Psychological Formulations:

Cognitive theory: sensitive to certain sensations and interpret them as a medical catastrophe
Learning theory: First panic attack due to traumatic event, but then interpret heart rate or other symptom as dangerous
Anxiety sensitivity: Focus on bodily sensations, unable to assess logically, interpret as potentially harmful

Benzodiazepines: Treatment for GAD, very addictive

Phobia Categories: Animal, natural environment, blood/injection/injury, Situational, Other

OCD

Obsessions (invisible): Persistent, unwanted thoughts, ideas, impulses, wishes, or images that seem to invade a person’s consciousness
Compulsions (usually visible): Repetitive and rigid behaviors (or mental acts) that people feel they must perform to prevent or reduce anxiety
Dissociation = disruptions in normally integrated functions:
- Consciousness
- Memory
- Identity
- Perception
- Motor control
Posttraumatic Theory: Child attempts to cope with abuse by dissociating – escape into fantasy or become someone else
Sociocognitive Theory: Highly suggestible person learns to adopt & enact multiple identities following inadvertent behaviors of clinicians
Mutually amnesic relationships: subpersonalities have no awareness of one another
Mutually cognizant patterns: each subpersonality is well aware of the rest
One-way amnesic relationships: most common pattern; some personalities are aware of others, but the awareness is not mutual
Localized amnesia: most common type; loss of all memory of events occurring within a limited period
Selective amnesia: loss of memory for some, but not all, events occurring within a period
Generalized amnesia: loss of memory beginning with an event, but extending back in time; may lose sense of identity; may fail to recognize family and friends
Continuous amnesia: forgetting continues into the future; quite rare in cases of dissociative amnesia