Energy conservation- Industrial energy conservation

Owston's civet (Chrotogale owstoni) is a cat-like mammal found in Southeast Asia.
Population of Owston’s civets is decreasing.

Suggest two ways that Owston’s civets may be directly exploited by humans. (2 marks)
- Fashion: Used for fur or as decorative items.
- Traditional medicines: Utilized in folk remedies or cultural practices.
Explain three ways that habitat destruction may have contributed to the decrease in the number of Owston’s civets. (3 marks)
- Reduced food resources: Habitat loss leads to fewer prey available.
- Fewer breeding sites: Destruction of habitat limits nesting and breeding areas.
- Increased exposure to diseases: Loss of habitat can lead to greater interaction with other animals and potential spread of diseases.

Direct Exploitation of Owston’s Civets
- Fashion
- Traditional medicines
- Food (consumption)
- Pet trade
- Sport/entertainment
Contributing Factors to Habitat Destruction
- Biotic Factors:
  - Reduced food resources
  - Fewer breeding sites
  - Increased exposure to diseases
  - Loss of beneficial interspecies relationships
  - Increased exposure to poachers/predators.
- Abiotic Factors:
  - Reduction in water availability
  - Change in temperature affecting species survival
  - Fragmentation leading to reduced gene flow and increased inbreeding.

Focuses on strategies and techniques to reduce energy consumption in industrial processes.

Electrical energy input of 100 J/s results in output energies:
- 80 J/s as heat energy lost to surroundings.
- 20 J/s as light energy produced by a light bulb running at 100 watts.
Flow width in Sanky diagrams represents the energy flow rates.

Industrial waste heat (liquid/gaseous) is often reusable.
Heat exchangers increase recovery efficiency through contact between hot and cold fluids without mixing.
Improved design strategies:
- Long, narrow pipes increase surface area.
- Use of good thermal conductors like copper.
- Counter-current flow strategy for enhanced heat exchange.

Reducing surface area minimizes heat loss.
Utilization of larger tanks instead of many small tanks also aids in reducing heat loss.
Shape of containers (e.g., spherical design) minimizes surface area for given volume.

CHP systems capitalize on heat generated during electricity production.
Modern thermal stations convert about 40% of fuel energy effectively, the remaining 60% is lost as waste heat.
Intentional efficiency reduction in CHP increases water temperature enhancing utility.

Energy savings through co-location of manufacturing processes.
Examples include:
- Utilizing waste heat from one industry to power another.
- Direct conversion of molten iron to steel without additional re-heating.
Minimizing transport energy by locating interdependent industries close together.

Recycling generally requires less energy than producing new materials.
For example, making aluminum cans from recycled materials uses only 1/20 of the energy needed for new aluminum.
Note: Recycling processes can vary in efficiency based on materials and scale of production.

Redesigning products for lightness reduces energy for production and transportation.
Modern containers like plastic bottles are lighter than glass, saving transport energy but potentially costing more in recycling.
Consideration of transport distance to understand overall energy efficiency benefits.

Peak shaving stores surplus energy for later use during peak demand.
High voltage grid minimizes energy loss through reduced current flow.
Transformers manage current and voltage to optimize energy distribution in the grid.

Advanced IT systems predict and adjust electricity demand thus minimizing waste.
New generation capacity may require construction of updated grid infrastructure in new locations (e.g., offshore wind farms).

Requires local demand for heat and electricity balance.
Infrastructure investments needed for simultaneous heat demands in other industrial applications.