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Unit 4 Assessment Review

Parts of a Cell

  • Animal Cell

    • Organelle # 1
    • Organelle Name: DNA
      • Function: Stores genetic information
    • Organelle # 2
    • Organelle Name: Mitochondria
      • Function: Powerhouse of the cell and location for cellular respiration
    • Organelle # 3
    • Organelle Name: Cell Membrane
      • Function: Controls what enters and leaves the cell
    • Organelle # 4
    • Organelle Name: Vacuole
      • Function: Stores water, nutrients, and waste materials
    • Organelle # 5
    • Organelle Name: Nucleus
      • Function: Controls all the activity of the cell

  • Plant Cell

    • Organelle # 1
    • Organelle Name: Cell Wall
      • Function: Provides structure, support, and protection for the cell
    • Organelle # 2
    • Organelle Name: Cell Membrane
      • Function: Controls what enters and leaves the cell
    • Organelle # 3
    • Organelle Name: Chloroplast
      • Function: Makes food using sunlight
    • Organelle # 4
    • Organelle Name: Vacuole
      • Function: Stores water, nutrients, and waste materials

Kingdoms of Life

  • Organism Classification:
    • Snake: Animalia
    • Oak Tree: Plantae
    • Oyster: Animalia
    • Mushroom: Fungi
    • Amoeba: Protista
    • Streptococcus (Responsible for strep throat): Eubacteria
    • Halobacterium (salt-loving): Archaebacteria

Classification of Cells

  • Cell Types:
    • Eukaryotic
    • Characteristic: Has Nucleus
    • Examples: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protist Kingdom
    • Prokaryotic
    • Characteristic: Has No Nucleus
    • Examples: Bacteria, Archaea

Photosynthesis vs Cellular Respiration

  • Photosynthesis

    • Reactants:
    • 6CO (Carbon dioxide)
    • 6HO (Water)
    • LIGHT
    • Chemical Equation:
    • 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + LIGHT
      ightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2
    • Products:
    • Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)
    • Oxygen (O₂)
    • Location: Chloroplast

  • Cellular Respiration

    • Reactants:
    • Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)
    • Oxygen (O₂)
    • Chemical Equation:
    • C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2
      ightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ENERGY
    • Products:
    • Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
    • Water (H₂O)
    • Energy
    • Location: Mitochondria
Connections between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
  • Interdependence:
    • Products of photosynthesis (glucose and oxygen) serve as reactants for cellular respiration
    • Products of cellular respiration (CO₂ and H₂O) serve as reactants for photosynthesis

Levels of Organization

  • Correct Sequence from Simplest to Complex:
    1. Organelle
    2. Cell
    3. Tissue
    4. Organ
    5. Organ System
    6. Organism

Signs of a Chemical Reaction

  • Acronym GOTPC:
    • G: Gas produced
    • O: Odor change
    • T: Temperature change
    • P: Precipitate form
    • C: Color change

Law of Conservation of Mass

  • Definition:
    • The mass of the reactants should equal the mass of the products

Properties of Water

  • Adhesion:

    • Definition: Water sticking to a surface (e.g., xylem walls)

  • Cohesion:

    • Definition: Water sticking to itself through hydrogen bonds; keeps water molecules linked together in the xylem

Energy Pyramid

  • Trophic Levels in an Ecosystem:
    • Total Levels: Four
    • Energy Trend: Energy decreases as we move up the pyramid
    • Role of Decomposers: Organisms that feed on dead plants and animals and recycle them
    • Energy Transfer: Only 10% of energy is passed on to the next consumer in the energy pyramid
    • Most Organisms: Found at the producer level
    • Least Organisms: Found at the tertiary consumer level
Impact of Losing a Secondary Consumer
  • Ecosystem Effect:
    • Primary consumers may increase, resulting in potential overpopulation
    • Higher-level predators may decrease due to reduced food availability

Heterotrophs vs Autotrophs

  • Definitions:
    • Autotroph: Makes its own food
    • Heterotroph: Eats other organisms for food

Energy Pyramid Visual Representation

  • Observation:
    • There are fewer organisms at the top of the pyramid due to less energy availability at higher levels
    • Energy pyramids are widest at the bottom because producers have the most energy and support all higher levels

Building Food Chains

  • Instructions:
    • Choose ONE ecosystem (e.g., Savannah, Tundra)
    • Fill in tables with the following:
    • Producer
    • Primary Consumer
    • Secondary Consumer
    • Tertiary Consumer

Organizing Your Ecosystem Food Chains

  • Required Lists:
    • List of all tertiary consumers
    • List of all secondary consumers
    • List of all primary consumers
    • List of all producers
  • Energy Observation:
    • Identify which organisms have the MOST energy and which have the LEAST energy on the pyramid.