Neuroscience

chapter 1 (history)

• biopsychology/neuroscience used interchangeably

• dated to 1700 BC

  • first recorded writing about brain

  • edwin smith surgical papyrus

    • surgical techniques and brain

  • egyptians didn’t prioritize the brain, greeks did

• dark ages

  • trepanation

    • first attempt at brain surgery

    • bore hoke in skull to drain pus or let out evil spirits, relieve pressure

• renaissance

  • brain depicted in art

  • andreas vesalius created anatomy books

• scientific revolution , 17th/18th century

  • renes descartes (1596-1650)

    • mind and body are separate (dualism)

    • governed by material flesh and the nonphysical soul

    • soul and mind are one, reside in pineal gland (monism)

  • empiricism

    • knowledge through sensory experience of natural world

• 19th/20th century

  • great advances

    • staining techniques

      • charles darwin

      • wilhelm wundt

      • camillo golgi

      • santiago ramon y cajal

  • phrenology

    • reading bumps on the skull (pseudoscience)

• importance of biopsychology

  • foundations of other psychology disciplines

  • effective in applied psychology

• future

  • nanotechnology

    • brain-computer interface

  • whole brain emulation

  • transhumanism

chapter 2 (functional anatomy)

• nervous system

  • central nervous system

    • brain and spinal cord

  • peripheral nervous system

    • nerves outside of CNS

      • somatic - conscious muscle movement

      • autonomic - not conscious

        • sympathetic - fight or flight

        • parasympathetic - low arousal

  • made up of cells

    • cell membrane keeps structure

      • protein transport

      • extracellular fluid

      • intercellular fluid

    • 
      

  • neuron

    • cell body/soma (entirety of cell)

    • dendrites (branches that protrude from cell body)

      • receive stimulation from other neurons

      • chemical or electrical stimulation

    • axon (only one)

      • contains microtubials that allow neurotransmitter to travel down axon

      • terminal branches

      • terminal butons

      • myelin sheath - covering of axon

    • types of neurons

      • anaxonic

      • bipolar

      • pseudounipolar

      • multipolar

    • supported by glial cells

      • supply nutrients, insulate neurons, cleanup, protect neurons from disease

      • four types

        • astrocytes (CNS)

        • oligodendrocytes (CNS)

        • microglia (CNS)

        • schwann cells (PNS)

  • anatomical directions

    • dorsal - above

    • ventral - below

      • anterior / rostal - toward the face or front

      • posterior - toward the tail or back

      • superior - above

      • inferior - below

      • lateral - to the side

      • medial - to the middle

  • twelve cranial nerves

    • “on old olympic towering tops a fin and german vault, skip, & hop”

      

• cerebral spinal fluid and ventricles

  • CSF

    • clear liquid

    • removes waste

    • found in/around spinal cord, brain, and in ventricles

      • ventricles are spaces within the brain

      • two lateral ventricles

      • third and fourth ventricle

• 
  

  

• meninges

  • dura mater

    • outer layer rests against skull

  • pia mater

    • membrane following contours of cerebral cortex

  • arachnoid

    • web like membrane between dura and pia

    • contains CSF and blood vessels

    
    

  

• telecephalon

  • cerebral cortex (neocortex)

    • frontal lobe - decision making, motivation, attention, cognitive resoning

    • parietal lobe - integration of sensory information

    • occipital lobe - visual processing

    • temporal lobe - language, visual, and auditory perception

    • 
      

      

  • limbic system (emotions, learning, motivation, sexual behavior)

    • amygdala

    • hippocampus

    • cingulate cortex

    • fornix

    • septum

  • basal ganglia (coordinates smooth muscle movement)

    • striatum

    • globus pallidus

    • nucleus accumbens

• diencephalon

  • thalamus (relay sensory information)

    • lateral geniculate nucleus (visual)

    • medial geniculate nucleus (auditory)

    • ventral posterior nucleus (touch)

  • hypothalamus (hormone regulation)

  • pituitary gland

  • optic chiasm

  • mammillary bodies

• mesencephalon

  • superior colliculus

  • inferior colliculus

  • periaqueductal grey

  • substantia nigra

  • ventral tegmentum

• metencephalon

  • pons

  • cerebellum

    • purkinje cells

• myelencephalon

  • medulla oblongata

  • reticular formation

chapter 3 (neuron communication)

• ions (charged particles)

• membrane potential

  • neuron membrane surrounds cell

  • semi-permeable

  • maintains electrical charge between inter and extra cellular fluid

  • membrane potential (The voltage difference between the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid across the membrane of a neuron.)

  • resting potential (the voltage difference between the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid across the membrane of a neuron)

• depolarization

• repolarization

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