Science Technology and Society 

Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology

  1. SCIENCE
    concerted human effort to understand, or to understand better, the history of the “natural world and how the natural world works, with observable physical evidence as the basis of that understanding. w done through observation of natural phenomena, and/or throughmexperimentation that tries to simulate natural processes under controlled conditions.
  2. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
    Science: knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through experiments and observation.
    Technology. science or knowledge put into practical use to solve problems or invent useful tools.
  3. HOW IS SCIENCE USED IN TECHNOLOGY?
    Science is the pursuit of knowledge about the natural world through
    systematic observation and experiments. Through science, we develop new
    technologies.

Technology is the application of scientifically gained knowledge for practical purpose. Scientists use technology in all their experiments.

THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

  1. alter the way people live, connect, communicate and transact, with profound effects on economic development.
  2. key drivers to development, because technological and scientific revolutions
    underpin economic advances, improvements in health systems, education and
    infrastructure.
  3. The technological revolutions of the 21 st century are emerging from entirely new
    sectors, based on micro-processors, tele-communications, bio-technology and nano-
    technology. Products are transforming business practices across the economy, as
    well as the lives of all who have access to their effects. The most remarkable
    breakthroughs will come from the interaction of insights and applications arising
    when these technologies converge.

4.have the power to better the lives of poor people in developing countries

5.differentiators between countries that are able to tackle poverty effectively by
growing and developing their economies, and those that are not.

  1. engine of growth
  2. interventions for cognitive enhancement, proton cancer therapy and genetic
    engineering.

SOCIETY - The sum total of our interactions as humans, including the interactions that we engage in to figure things out and to make things a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations

WHAT DOES SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MEAN?
Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STUDIES
▪️STS is a relatively recent discipline, originating in the 60s and 70s, following Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962).
▪️STS was the result of a "sociological turn" in science studies.
▪️STS makes the assumption that science and technology are essentially intertwined and that they are each profoundly social and profoundly political.

HOW SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AFFECT SOCIETY

▪️Science and technology have had a major impact on society, and their impact is growing.
▪️By making life easier, science has given man the chance to pursue societal concerns such as ethics, aesthetics, education, and justice; to create cultures; and to improve human conditions.
▪️Science influences society through its knowledge and world view. Scientific knowledge and the procedures used by scientists influence the way many individuals in society think about themselves, others, and the environment. The effect of science on society is neither entirely beneficial nor entirely detrimental.
HOW SCIENCE CAN HAVE AN EFFECT ON SOCIETY?
▪️Science influences society through its knowledge and world view. Scientific knowledge and the procedures used by scientists influence the way many individuals in society think about themselves, others, and the environment.
▪️The effect of science on society is neither entirely beneficial nor entirely detrimental.

WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE AND SOCIETY?
The impact of science and technology on society is evident. But society also influences science.
There are social influences on the direction and emphasis of scientific and technological development, through pressure groups on specific issues, and through generally acceptedsocial views, values and priorities

HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

▪️Science and technology in the Philippines had experienced periods of intense growth as well as long periods of stagnation. ▪️The main managing agency responsible for science and technology is the Department of Science and Technology. ▪️Numerous national scientists have contributed in different fields of science including Fe del Mundo in the field of Pediatrics, Eduardo Quisumbing in the field of Plant taxonomy, Gavino Trono in the field of tropical marine Phycology, Maria Orosa in the field of Food technology and many more

PRE-SPANISH ERA
▪️Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the Philippine islands, the natives of the archipelago already had practices linked to science and technology.
▪️Filipinos were already aware of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants and the methods of extracting medicine from herbs.
▪️They already had an alphabet, number system, a weighing and measuring system and a calendar. Filipinos were already engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving
▪️The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of engineering by pre Spanish era Filipinos.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
▪️The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of science and technology in the archipelago.
▪️The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution.
▪️During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines. Parish schools were established where religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was taught.
▪️Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture was taught to the natives.
▪️Later the Spanish established colleges and universities in the archipelago including the oldest existing university in Asia, the University of Santo Tomas.
▪️The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial economy.
▪️Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the prospects of big profits.
▪️Agriculture and industrial development on the other hand were relatively
neglected.
▪️The opening of the Suez Canal saw the influx of European visitors to the Spanish colony and some
▪️Filipinos were able to study in Europe who were probably influenced by the rapid
development of scientific ideals brought by the Age of Enlightenment.

AMERICAN PERIOD
▪️The progress of science and technology in the Philippines continued under American rule of the islands.
▪️On July 1, 1901 The Philippine Commission established the Bureau of Government Laboratories which was placed under the Department of Interior. The Bureau replaced the Laboratorio Municipal, which was established under the Spanish colonial era. The Bureau dealt with the study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects.
▪️On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of Science and on December 8, 1933, the National Research Council of the Philippines was established.
▪️The Bureau of Science became the primary

POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA
▪️During the 1970s, which was under the time of Ferdinand Marcos' presidency, the
importance given to science grew.
▪️Under the 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 1, the government's role in supporting scientific research and invention was acknowledged.
▪️In 1974, a science development program was included in the government's Four-Year Development Plan which covers the years 1974- 1978.
▪️Funding for science was also increased. [4] The National Science Development Board was replaced by the National Science and Technology Authority under Executive Order No. 784. A Scientific Career in the civil service was introduced in 1983

AMERICAN PERIOD

▪️Science during the American period was inclined towards agriculture, food processing forestry, medicine and pharmacy. Not much focus was given on the development of industrial technology due to free trade policy with the United States which nurtured an economy geared towards agriculture and trade. [4]
▪️In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science. In a report by the US Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic information which were necessities to the country's industries, lack of support of experimental work and minimal budget for scientific research and low salaries of scientists employed by the government. In 1958, during the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958 which established the National Science Development

POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA
▪️In 1986, during Corazon Aquino's presidency, the National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology, giving science and technology a representation in the cabinet.
▪️Under the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan for the years 1987-1992, science and technology's role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted.
▪️During Corazon Aquino's State of the Nation Address in 1990, she said that science and technology development shall be one of the top three priorities of the government towards an economic recovery.

POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA
▪️In August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP. The goal of STMP was for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year 2000.
▪️The Congress did not put much priority in handling bills related to science and technology The Senate Committee on Science and Technology was one of the committees that handlesthe least amount of bills for deliberation.

POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA
▪️Former Science and Technology secretary, Ceferin Follosco, reported that the budget allocation for science and technology was increased to 1.054 billion pesos in 1989 from the previous year's 464 million pesos.
▪️However, due to the Asian financial crisis, budget allocation for the years 1990 and 1991 were trimmed down to 920 and 854 million pesos respectively. Budget allocation were increased to 1.7 billion pesos in 1992