IMED Infections

What are the common symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs)? Sore throat, cough, nasal congestion, sneezing, fever.

Which virus causes infectious mononucleosis and how is it transmitted? Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV); transmitted via saliva ("kissing disease").

What bacteria commonly causes pharyngitis and what are its complications? Streptococcus pyogenes; complications include rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis.

What is the major virulence factor of Corynebacterium diphtheriae? Diphtheria toxin which inhibits protein synthesis.

Which virus causes mumps and what are its complications? Mumps virus; complications include orchitis, pancreatitis, and meningitis.

What is the primary cause of epiglottitis in children? Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib).

What are the common clinical features of pneumonia? Cough, fever, chest pain, difficulty breathing, crackles on auscultation.

Which bacterium causes whooping cough? Bordetella pertussis.

What is the causative agent of tuberculosis? Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

What is the most important virulence factor of S. pneumoniae? Polysaccharide capsule which prevents phagocytosis.

Which viruses cause lower respiratory tract infections and bronchiolitis in children? Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus.

What are the symptoms of influenza infection? Fever, chills, muscle aches, cough, fatigue.

Which virus causes measles and what is a key sign? Measles virus; Koplik spots in the mouth.

What fungal infection can affect the lungs in immunocompromised individuals? Aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus species.

What are the general symptoms of gastrointestinal infections? Diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, dehydration.

Which E. coli strain causes bloody diarrhoea? Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC).

What is a hallmark symptom of Vibrio cholerae infection? Rice-water stools due to severe watery diarrhoea.

Which virus commonly causes severe diarrhoea in children? Rotavirus.

Which bacteria is associated with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea? Clostridioides difficile (C. diff).

What pathogen is linked with peptic ulcers? Helicobacter pylori.

Name two protozoans that cause gastrointestinal infections. Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica.

What are common skin and soft tissue infections caused by S. aureus? Boils, impetigo, cellulitis, abscesses.

Which bacteria causes necrotizing fasciitis? Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep).

What causes gas gangrene? Clostridium perfringens.

Which bacteria causes leprosy? Mycobacterium leprae.

Name two viral causes of skin lesions. Human papillomavirus (HPV), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV).

What are the classic signs of meningitis? Fever, headache, neck stiffness, photophobia.

Name three common bacterial causes of meningitis. Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b.

Which virus is a common cause of encephalitis? Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV).

What is the cause of rabies and how is it transmitted? Rabies virus; transmitted through animal bites (infected saliva).

Which bacteria causes tetanus and how? Clostridium tetani; through a neurotoxin causing muscle spasms and lockjaw.

What are the main symptoms of urinary tract infections (UTIs)? Dysuria, increased frequency, urgency, cloudy or smelly urine.

Which bacteria most commonly causes UTIs? Escherichia coli (E. coli).

What causes syphilis and what is its key feature? Treponema pallidum; key feature is a painless chancre at the infection site.

Which bacterium causes gonorrhoea? Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

What organism causes chlamydia? Chlamydia trachomatis.

What virus causes HIV and what does it target? HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus); targets CD4+ T cells.