Exam review

speech communication process

  • speaker

  • message

  • channel

  • interference

  • listener

  • feedback

  • situation


Avoding Ethnocentrism

  • the belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures


ethics in public speaking

  • ethics: the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs


Guidelines for ethical speaking

  • make sure your goals are ethically sound

  • be fully prepared for you speech

  • be honest in what you say

  • avoid name calling


Plagiarism - presenting another person’s language or ideas as one’s own

  • Global plagiarism - stealing your speech entirely from another source and passing it off as your own

  • patchwork plagiarism - stealing ideas or language from two or 3 sources and passing them off as one’s own

  • incremental plagiarism - failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people (quotes and paraphrasing)


extemporaneous speech - a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes


general purpose - the broad goal of the speech

specific purpose - a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech

central idea - concise statement of what you expect to say - one sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major idea of a speech


egocentrism - the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being


strategic organization - putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience


organization strategies of informative speeches

  • chronological order - speeches that follow a time pattern

  • spatial order - speeches that follow a directional pattern

  • causal order - speeches that show a cause-and-effect relationship

  • problem-solution order - speech where it lays out the existence of a problem and then presents a solution to the problem

  • topical order - speech where it divides the topic into logical and consistent subtopics


connectives - a word or phrasw that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship among them

transition - a word or phrase that indicates when a peaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

  • internal preview - a statement in the body of a speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

  • internal summary - a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker’s preceding point

  • signposts - a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas


Introduction

  • gain the attention

  • reveal the topic

  • establish credibility

  • preview the body of the speech


conclusion

  • signal the end of the speech

  • reinforce the central idea

  • end with a dramatice statement


speakers voice

  • volume

  • pitch

  • rate

  • pauses

  • vocal variety

  • pronunciation

  • articulations

  • dialect


Speaker’s body

  • personal appearance

  • movement

  • gesture

  • eye contact


types of informative speeches

  • object

  • process

  • event

  • concept


guidelines for informative speaking

  • don’t overestimate what the audience knows

  • relate subject directly to the audience

  • don’t be too technical

  • personalize your ideas

  • be creative