SB 10
Explaining Motivation:
How does motivation direct and energize behavior?
KEY TERMS:
Motivation: the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms. it has biological, cognitive, and social aspects.
it serves to energize and direct
Instincts: inborn patterns of behavior that are genetically determined rather than learned.
Instinct approaches to movement: the explanation of the motivation that suggests people and animals are ebron preprogrammed.
Drive motivational tension or arousal that energies behavior to fulfill a need.
Primary drives: hunger, thirst, sleep, and sex.
Secondary drives: these include social and emotional needs, such as the desire for companionship, recognition, and achievement, which can motivate behavior beyond basic biological requirements.
Drive reduction approaches to motivation: theories suggesting that lacking some basic biological need (ex, lack of water) produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need (seeking water).
Hemostasis: the body’s tendency to maintain a steady thermal state
Arousal approaches to motivation: the belief that people try to maintain steady stimulation and activity.
Incentive approaches to motivation: theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to attain external rewards known as incentives.
Cognitive approaches to motivation: theories suggesting that motivation is the outcome of people's thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals.
Self-actualization: a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize the highest potential in their own unique way.
Human Needs and Motivation: Eat, drink, and be daring
KEY TERMS:
Obesity: body weight that is more than 20 % above the average weight for the person’s height
over 40% of adults and 19% of children are obses.
can cause heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and premature death.
BMI: People with greater than 30 are considered obses, people between 25 and 30 are overweight.
Weight set point: The level of weight that the body strives to maintain.
Metabolism: the process by which food is converted to energy and depends on the body.
stage 1: brith - 1 is when the metabolism is the fastest
stage 2: 1 - 20yo decreases by 3% annual
stage 3: 20-60yo metabolism holds relatively steady
stage 4: 60 + it slowly declines
Anorexia nervosa: a severe eating disorder where people may refuse to eat and deny their behavior and appearance is unusual (which can become skeleton life)
10% of sufferers are likely to die
Bulimia: a disorder where someone binges on a lot of food and follows it by purging the food through vomiting or other ways like excessive working out to prevent weight gain, often leading to a cycle of unhealthy eating patterns and severe health risks.
Need for achievement: a person’s desire to strive for and achieve challenging accomplishments.
seek out situations in which they can campete against some objective standard.
Growth mindset: the belief that individual characteristics such as intelligence, talent, and motivation can be delivered through hard work.
Fixed mindset: the erroneous belief that individual characteristics like intelligence, talent, and motivation are set at birth and carry little throughout life.
Need for affiliation: interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people.
Need for power: a tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others and be seen as powerful.
Hypothalamus: the part of the brain that monitors glucose levels
damage to the lateral hypothalamus may cause you to starve to death
damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus can cause extreme overeating.
Leptin: A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that helps to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger, which in turn contributes to the control of body weight.
Ghrelin: A hormone produced in the stomach that stimulates appetite, often referred to as the "hunger hormone"; its levels increase before meals and decrease after eating.
Insulin: A hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a key role in glucose metabolism and also influences hunger by promoting the storage of fat and suppressing appetite.
Grit: the perseverance and passion for long term goals
versicle experience: suggestion that every emotion has an acconpanied physiological or gut reaction of internal organs
possible contributors to the fact that people of color have higher rates of obesity:
less access to quality medical treatment
more chronic stress due to racism
less access to grocery stores with affordable, nutritious options
cannon and bard theory of emotion
Current research has led to some important modifications of the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. It is now known that the thalamus does not play a major role in emotional experience. What structures are now considered to play a major role?
Hypothalamus and limbic system
a drawback to the James and Lange theory of emotions is that our internal organs produce a relatively limited range of sensation