P.1 - Conservation and Dissipation of Energy
Changes in Energy Stores
A system is an object or a group of objects
Kinetic energy store - e.g. someone running - more energy when an object moves faster
Thermal energy store - e.g. oven - more energy when object gets hotter
Chemical energy store - e.g. food / battery - more energy when transfers more energy when reacting
Gravitational Potential energy store - e.g. pen being held aloft - more energy when greater mass, higher up
Elastic Potential energy store - e.g. stretched elastic band - more energy when object is held taught
Electrostatic energy store - e.g. electrons and protons repelling - more energy when larger charge
Magnetic energy store - e.g. magnets repelling - more energy when magnets are stronger
Nuclear energy store - e.g. bombs - more energy when transferring more energy when reacting
When EVENT, energy is transferred from the INITIAL ENERGY STORE of OBJECT to the FINAL ENERGY STORE of OBJECT
Mechanical, electrical, radiation and heat are all energy transfer pathways
Equations
Work done = Force x Distance / W = FS
Weight = mass x gravitational field strength (g.f.s) / W = mg (g.f.s = N/Kg)
Gravitational potential energy = mass x g.f.s x height / Ep = mgh
Kinetic energy = ½ x mass x mass x speed2 / Ek = ½ mv2
Elastic potential energy = ½ x spring constant x (extension)2 / Ee = ½ ke2 (extension = m) (spring constant = N/m)
Efficiency = useful output transfer / total input energy transfer (efficiency = no unit)
Efficiency = useful power output / total power input
Useful energy out = total energy in - ‘wasted energy’
Power = energy transferred / time / P = E/t
Power = work done / time / P = W/t
Other
Useful energy is energy transferred to where it is wanted in the way it is wanted
Wasted energy is energy that is not usefully transferred
In numerous cases, friction is the cause of energy being wasted
Mass is the amount of matter in an object
Wight is the force acting on an object due to gravity
Kinetic energy is a store of energy du to the movement of an object
Efficiency is the proportion of input transfer which is usefully transferred
It is not possible to have an efficiency greater than 1
Power is the rate at which energy is transferred or the rate at which work is done
Energy transfer of 1 Joule per second is equal to a power of 1 Watt
3 main ways appliance work:
o Motors
o Heating elements
o Speakers (electromagnet)