Physical Education

Page 2: Unit 1 - Changing Trends & Career in P.E.

Meaning of Physical Education

  • Concept of physical education has existed since ancient times; relates to physical fitness.

  • Foundation laid in ancient Greece by philosophers.

  • Develops children physically, mentally, socially, and emotionally; helps face life challenges.

Aims of Physical Education

  • To promote overall fitness: physical, mental, and social.

  • Develop qualities to help individuals live happily with others and build good citizenship.

Objectives of Physical Education

  1. Physical Development: Proper growth of the body.

  2. Social Development: Enhance social skills and qualities such as cooperation and sincerity.

  3. Emotional Development: Manage and express various emotions appropriately.

  4. Mental Development: Foster positive thoughts, behaviors, and mental alertness.

Development of Physical Education in India

  1. Post-independence (1947), various schemes introduced by the Government to improve physical education.

  2. Establishment of Central Government Physical Education Committee (Tara Chand Committee) in 1948.

  3. In 1953, Central Advisory Board of PE formed to advise on physical education issues.

    • PE as a compulsory subject introduced in elementary, middle, and secondary levels.

  4. ÀaaIntroduction of National Plan of Physical Education and Recreation (1966).

Page 3: Continued Development of Physical Education in India

  1. First Asian Games held in New Delhi in 1951.

  2. National Institute of Sports (NIS) established in 1961 to train coaches.

  3. All India Council of Sports formed in 1954 for government and sports federations collaboration.

  4. Lakshmibai College of Physical Education established in 1957, later renamed in 1973.

  5. Sports and Youth Welfare Department established in 1958 to promote PE.

  6. National Fitness Corps founded in 1965 to strengthen youth.

  7. National Sports Championship launched in 1975 for women's participation.

  8. Asian Games in 1982 significantly boosted sports infrastructure.

  9. Sports Authority of India established in 1984 to manage sports facilities.

  10. CBSE made Physical Education compulsory from class IX to XII in 2018 as part of Health and PE.

Career Options in Physical Education

  • Two categories:

    1. Traditional careers (teaching and coaching in PE).

    2. Emerging careers (related to health, administration, sports performance, media).

Page 4: Teaching Opportunities in Physical Education

  • Levels:

    • Elementary School

    • Middle School

    • High School

    • Senior Secondary School

    • College and University.

Health- and Administration-related Careers

  1. Health clubs focusing on weight control and nutrition offer jobs for physical educators.

  2. Administration opportunities include managing sports clubs, marketing, and promotions.

Communication Media Careers

  • Includes sports journalism, book publishing, photography, and broadcasting.

Page 5: Advancements in Sports Technology

Wearable Gear & Sports Equipment

  • Technology continuously evolves in sports gear, aiding in performance tracking.

  • Examples include basketballs measuring skills and smart tennis racquets.

Technical Advancements in Sports

  • Athletic world transformed by emerging technologies making it easier for fans and athletes.

  • Use of sensors and advanced stats for informed decisions in team management.

Page 6: Key Initiatives in Sports in India

Fit India Programme

  • Goals:

    1. Join grassroots in sports.

    2. Combat obesity and promote fitness in children.

    3. Encourage women's sports.

    4. Cultural development in sports, including Indigenous/Tribal games.

Objectives of Fit India Movement

  • Launched on August 29, 2020, by PM to promote fitness as an integral lifestyle component.

  • Engage citizens through campaigns encouraging fitness storytelling.

Page 7: Unit 2 - Olympism

Ancient Olympics

  • Originated in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, honoring Zeus.

  • Included races, wrestling, and chariot racing; winners received crowns of olive leaves.

  • Banned by Rome in 394 AD but remembered over centuries.

Competitor Requirements

  1. Must be Greek and physically fit; slaves and criminals excluded.

  2. Competitors trained at Olympia for a month before competition.

  3. Only amateurs allowed; no professionals originally.

Opening Ceremony

  • Involves athletes taking an oath to participate fairly.

  • Ritualistic sacrifices before games.

Modern Olympics

  1. Initiated by Pierre de Coubertin in the late 19th century.

  2. First modern Olympics held in 1896 in Athens with nine countries.

  3. Women allowed for the first time in 1900.

Page 8: Modern Olympic Ceremonies

Opening Ceremony

  • Torch lighting in Olympia, torch relay to host city.

  • Official opening by the President or PM of the host country.

Closing Ceremony

  • Presentation of medals; lowering of the Olympic flag.

  • Various cultural programs celebrate Olympic spirit.

Olympic Symbol & Anthem

  • Flag features five interlocking rings.

  • Olympic motto 'Citius, Altius, Fortius' - Faster, Higher, Stronger.

  • Anthem composed by Spyridon Samaras.

Page 9: Olympic Values & Education

Olympic Values

  1. Joy of Effort

  2. Fair Play

  3. Respect for Others

  4. Pursuit of Excellence

  5. Balance between Body, Will, and Mind

Goals of Olympism

  • Promote peace, understanding through sport; encourage youth engagement in sports.

Page 10: Structure of Olympic Movement

Main Constituents

  • International Olympic Committee (IOC) governs.

  • National Olympic Committees (NOC) promote Olympic principles in countries.

  • International Sports Federations (IF) oversee specific sports globally.

Functions of IOC

  1. Organizing Olympic Games.

  2. Fairness in sports practices; anti-doping efforts.

  3. Encouragement of youth participation.

Page 11: Unit 3 - Yoga

Meaning of Yoga

  • Derived from Sanskrit "yuj"; means to unite, important for physical, mental, intellectual, and spiritual growth.

Definitions of Yoga

  • Patanjali's definition: suppression of the modifications of mind is Yoga.

Importance of Yoga

  1. Physical purity, obesity reduction, improved health.

  2. Relaxation, correct posture, flexibility enhancements.

  3. Disease prevention and spiritual development.

Patanjali's Eight Limbs of Yoga

  1. Yama: Ethical practices (truthfulness, non-violence).

  2. Niyama: Self-discipline (cleanliness, contentment).

  3. Asanas: Physical postures to enhance well-being.

  4. Pranayama: Breathing techniques for lung health.

  5. Pratyahara: Control of senses.

  6. Dharana: Focus and concentration.

  7. Dhyana: Meditation for mental peace.

  8. Samadhi: Complete unification with the divine.

Page 12: Continued Yoga Practices

Yogic Kriyas

  1. Neti: Nasal cleansing

  2. Dhauti: Digestive tract cleaning.

  3. Kapalabhati: Lung purification.

  4. Basti: Colon cleanses.

  5. Trataka: Eye purification.

Pranayama Techniques

  • Anulom vilom, Surya Bhedana, Ujjayi, Bhramari, Sheetkari, Sheetali.

Benefits of Pranayama

  1. Stress relief and improved focus.

  2. Enhanced respiratory function and emotional balance.

Page 13: Active Lifestyle & Stress Management through Yoga

Yoga for Wellness

  1. Active lifestyle aligns with physical and mental health.

  2. Breathing techniques (Pranayama) and asanas promote fitness and stress reduction.

Page 14: Unit 4 - PE & Sports for CWSN (Children With Special Needs)

Introduction

  • Differently-abled individuals have the right to participate in PE and sports.

Disability vs. Disorder

  • Disability: Permanent impairments (cognitive, developmental, physical).

  • Disorder: Temporary or permanent interruptions in normal functionality.

Types of Disabilities

  • Cognitive, intellectual, physical, etc.

Causes of Disability

  1. Genetic causes

  2. Poverty

  3. Mental health problems

  4. Accidents

  5. Malnutrition

Page 15: Disability Etiquettes

Guidelines when Interacting with Differently Abled Individuals

  1. Use respectful terminology.

  2. Avoid speaking through companions.

  3. Offer to shake hands first.

  4. Wait for assistance acceptance.

  5. Address individuals directly; avoid condescension.

Page 16: Adaptive Physical Education

Objectives of Adaptive PE

  1. Develop motor skills & improve physical fitness.

  2. Promote participation and sportsmanship for CWSN.

  3. Support mental, emotional and social growth.

Professionals in Support Roles

  • Include counselors, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, PE teachers, and special educators.

Page 17: Unit 5 - Physical Fitness, Health & Wellness

Physical Fitness Defined

  • Maximum functional capacity of body's systems.

  • Varies in definition based on individual perspective; broadly relates to the capacity for routine tasks without fatigue.

Importance of Fitness

  1. Quality of life improvement.

  2. Disease prevention.

  3. Enhanced mental health.

Components of Physical Fitness

  1. Strength

  2. Endurance

  3. Speed

  4. Flexibility

  5. Body Composition

Page 18: Continued Components of Fitness

Strength

  1. Definitions include static (isometric) and dynamic (isotonic) strength levels.

  2. Types of strength: maximum, explosive, strength endurance.

Page 19: Endurance & Flexibility

Endurance

  • Definition: Ability to withstand fatigue over time.

Flexibility

  • Importance: Range of motion around joints, contributes to overall health.

Page 20: Traditional Sports for Wellness Promotion

Origin

  1. Sports related to survival needs and cultural expression.

  2. India has a wealth of traditional and regional games with unique identities.

Page 21: Leadership through Physical Activity and Sports

Key Elements of Leadership

  • Defined as motivating a group towards common goals.

Establishing Leaders in PE

  1. Assign responsibilities in events.

  2. Give authority and guidance; involve student input.

Page 22: Unit 6 - Test & Measurement in Sports

Testing Concepts

  1. Tests measure specific characteristics and performance levels in sports.

  2. Different testing methods include physiological, psychological, and skill tests.

Importance of Testing

  1. Classification and selection of athletes.

  2. Monitoring and evaluating training outcomes and progress.

Page 23: Components of Fitness Testing

Five Key Components

  1. Cardiovascular endurance.

  2. Muscular strength.

  3. Muscular endurance.

  4. Flexibility.

  5. Body composition measurements.

Page 24: Evaluation Methods

Body Measurement Techniques

  1. BMI, waist to hip ratio, skinfold measurements.

  2. Importance for health indicators and personal fitness.

Page 25: Understanding Somatotypes

Body Types by Sheldon

  1. Endomorph (stocky, lots of body fat).

  2. Mesomorphic (muscular, athletic).

  3. Ectomorphic (thin, slender).

Page 26: Overview of Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy Defined

  • Study of internal structures.

Physiology Defined

  • Study of bodily functions and systems interaction.

Page 27: Human Systems in Sports

Importance of Anatomy and Physiology in Sports

  1. Assist in athlete selection.

  2. Help improve training and prevent injuries.

Page 28: Muscular & Circulatory System Overview

Muscle Functions

  • Movement, posture maintenance, respiration, heat generation, communication.

Overview of the Circulatory System

  • Role in transportation, protection, regulatory functions in the body.

Page 29: Cardiovascular Health

Heart Structure & Functions

  1. Four chambers outlined with specific roles.

  2. Importance in blood circulation.

Page 30: Functions of the Circulatory System

  1. Transportation of nutrients and oxygen.

  2. Regulation of body temperature and other homeostatic functions.

Page 31: Kinesiology & Biomechanics

Definitions

  1. Kinesiology: Study of movement in human body.

  2. Biomechanics: Study of mechanics related to human movement.

Importance of Kinesiology & Biomechanics

  1. Improve coaching techniques and athlete performance.

Page 32: Principles of Movement

Types of Movement Explained

  1. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation definitions provided.

Page 33: Axes and Planes of Movement

Importance in Body Movement Analysis

  • Sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes dissect movement analysis.

Page 34: Psychology in Sports

Understanding Sports Psychology

  • Focus on enhancing athlete performance and behavior.

Importance for Players

  1. Help improve motivation and control anxiety.

Page 35: Developmental Characteristics

Stages of Development

  1. Infancy: Muscle and brain development.

  2. Childhood: Social skills and emotional control.

  3. Adolescence: Physical changes and emotional challenges.

Page 36: Management Techniques for Adolescents

Approaches to Support Youth

  1. Provide constructive feedback, create mentorship programs, and encourage healthy leisure activities.

Page 37: Psychological Attributes

Key Concepts Covered

  1. Attention, resilience, and mental toughness definitions and importance.

Page 38: Training Concepts

Definition and Components

  1. Definition of training and its importance in sports.

  2. Types of training periods: preparatory, competitive, and transitional.

Page 39: Adaptation and Recovery in Training

Importance of Adaptation

  1. The role of adaptation in enhancing performance.

  2. Types of recovery methods discussed (immediate, short-term).

Page 40: Cooling Down Techniques

Importance

  1. Helps return body to resting state and prevent soreness.

  2. Explains various cooldown activities.

Page 41: Sports Skills, Techniques, Tactics & Strategy

Definitions and applications in sports

  1. Skills: Abilities for effective task execution.

  2. Technique: Methods for executing skills.

  3. Tactics: Short-term plans for competition.

  4. Strategy: Long-term planning for success.

Page 42: Doping in Sports

Definition and Impact

  1. Doping defined as using banned substances for performance enhancement.

  2. Major risks associated with doping outlined.

Common Categories of Doping Substances

  1. Stimulants, narcotics, steroids, growth hormones, diuretics.

Page 43: Summary on Doping

  1. Major consequences of doping discussed including health risks, unfair competition, and negative impacts on athlete reputation.