AP Human Geography Vocabulary Review

Five Themes of Geography: - Location: Absolute (latitude/longitude) and relative. - Place: Distinctive physical and human characteristics. - Human-Environment Interaction: How humans interact with the environment. - Movement: Mobility of people, goods, and ideas; patterns of spatial interaction. - Regions: Displays specific criteria with distinctive characteristics.
Distortion Types: Shape, direction, distance, and relative size.
Mapping Tools: - $GIS$ : Computer system for layering geographic data. - $GPS$ : Satellites and receivers used to determine absolute mathematical position. - Scale: Small scale ( $1/1,000,000$ ) covers more area with less detail; large scale ( $1/25,000$ ) is zoomed in.

$L$ - Latitude: Colder farther from the equator; direct rays hit between tropics.
$A$ - Air Masses: Cold air from polar regions; hot air from tropics.
$C$ - Continentality: Water moderates climate; inland areas have extreme weather.
$E$ - Elevation: Temperature decreases $3.5\,degrees$ for every $1,000\,ft$ increase.
$M$ - Mountain Barriers: Windward side receives moisture; leeward side is dry (rain shadow).
$O$ - Ocean Currents: Cold currents bring dry air; warm currents bring wet air.
$P$ - Pressure Cells: High pressure ( $H$ ) is heavy/cold; low pressure ( $L$ ) is warm/light.
$S$ - Storms: Occur where polar and western air masses collide.

Population Clusters: Two-thirds of people live in $East\,Asia$ , $South\,Asia$ , $Southeast\,Asia$ , and $Europe$ .
Demographic Transition Model ( $DTM$ ): - Stage $1$ : High birth/death rates. - Stage $2$ : High growth (declining death rates). - Stage $3$ : Moderate growth (declining birth rates). - Stage $4$ : Low growth ( $ZPG$ - Zero Population Growth). - Stage $5$ : Potential decline.
Malthusian Theory: Population grows exponentially ( $geometrically$ ) while food supply grows arithmetically ( $linearly$ ).
Ravenstein’s $11$ Laws of Migration: Most move short distances; migration is mostly for economic reasons; large cities grow by migration rather than natural increase.

Folk vs. Popular Culture: - Folk: Small, isolated groups; relocation diffusion; influenced by environment. - Popular: Large, diverse groups; rapid expansion diffusion; transmitted via technology.
Diffusion Types: - Relocation: Through physical movement of people. - Expansion: Includes Hierarchical (top-down), Contagious (rapid/widespread), and Stimulus (underlying principle).
Religions: - Universalizing: Appears to all (e.g., $Christianity$ , $Islam$ , $Buddhism$ ). - Ethnic: Linked to specific groups/places (e.g., $Hinduism$ , $Judaism$ ).

Sovereignty: Independence from control by other states.
State Shapes: - Compact: Efficient; distance from center is equal (e.g., $Poland$ ). - Elongated: Potential isolation (e.g., $Chile$ , $Vietnam$ ). - Prorupted: Compact with a projecting section (e.g., $Thailand$ ). - Perforated: Completely surrounds another state (e.g., $South\,Africa$ surrounds $Lesotho$ ). - Fragmented: Discontinuous pieces (e.g., $Indonesia$ , $Fiji$ ).
$UNCLOS$ Zones: - Territorial Sea: $12\,nautical\,miles$ . - Contiguous Zone: $24\,nautical\,miles$ . - Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): $200\,nautical\,miles$ for resource management.

$von\,Thunen’s\,Model$ : - Ring $1$ : Dairy and market gardening (perishable). - Ring $2$ : Forests (fuel/timber). - Ring $3$ : Extensive field crops (grains). - Ring $4$ : Ranching/Livestock.
Green Revolution: Introduction of high-yield seeds and chemical fertilizers in the $1940s$ .
Economic Sectors: - Primary: Extraction (mining, farming). - Secondary: Manufacturing/Refining. - Tertiary: Services (retail, banking). - Quaternary/Quinary: Management, information, and high-level decision making.

Rostow’s $5$ Stages of Growth: Traditional society; Precondition for takeoff; Takeoff; Drive to maturity; High mass consumption.
World Systems Theory ( $Wallerstein$ ): Core, periphery, and semi-periphery interdependent realms.
Central Place Theory: Market areas focused on settlements; involves Threshold (minimum people needed) and Range (distance people will travel).
Urban Land Use Models: - Sector Model ( $Hoyt$ ): Distribution along transportation corridors. - Multiple Nuclei Model: Several dispersed nodes/business districts. - Latin American City Model: Central plaza with high-end "spine" and outer squatter settlements.