Chapter 24
la belle époque= The period of time in Europe that was ended with WWI. “Beautiful instant of time”
Titanic= The largest and most technologically advanced passenger ship ever built, it sailed from England to New York. Struck an iceberg on April 12th, 1912 and sunk near Newfoundland.
new imperialism= Differentiates this phase of European expansion from the earlier stage of Empire building, which had focused on the Americas. This stage focused on imperializing Asia and Africa.
White Man's Burden= A poem by Rudyard Kipling, the British bard of imperialism, celebrating the European view that they had a duty to "civilize" the people they deemed inferior.
Primrose League= A British group that lobbied for Empire, as well as other patriotic goals
Leopold of Belgium= A conquerer who mercilessly exploited and acquired the Belgian Congo to expedite the collection of rubber.
Congress of Berlin= The meeting at which the major European powers negotiated and formalized claims to territory in Africa.
Evolutionary Socialism= A form of socialism that advocates for gradual and peaceful reform rather than revolution to achieve a socialist society.
revisionist= A reinterpretation of Marxist theory.
Jean Jaurès= A French socialist antimilitarist who tried to use diplomatic means to prevent what became the First World War.
Second International= Also known as the Socialist International, a political international of socialist and labor parties and trade unions, which existed from 1889-1916.
anarchism= Advocates for the replacement of the state with stateless societies and voluntary free associations.
Michael Bakunin= A Russian revolutionary anarchist, the leader of 19th century anarchism.
syndicalism= A radical labor movement advocating for worker control of industry and society through direct action, like general strikes, rather than political means, aiming to dismantle capitalism and traditional power structures.
anti-Semitism= A form of prejudice and discrimination against Jewish people. They were now free and able to live and work among non-Jews, but they were harshly discriminated against.
Zionism= A Jewish nationalist movement advocating for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, fueled by rising antisemitism and a desire for self-determination.
Friedrich Nietzsche= A German philosopher and cultural critic, known for his critiques of traditional morality, Christianity, and advocated that "God is dead".
Sigmund Freud= An Austrian neurologist, known for developing psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental illness. Also for claiming that every man is sexually in love with his mom.
psychoanalysis= A method of treating mental disorders, shaped by psychoanalytic theory, which emphasizes unconscious mental processes.
Gaetano Mosca= An Italian political philosopher, political scientist, and journalist who is credited with developing the elite theory and the doctrine of the political class. He elaborated the concept of a ruling minority.
Henri Bergson= A French philosopher who was influential in the traditions of analytic philosophy and continental philosophy.
avant-garde= Artists, movements, and artworks that break with tradition, are innovative, and push boundaries in art, culture, and politics.
Paul Gauguin= A French post-impressionist painter known for his bold use of color, flat, simplified forms, and his exploration of primitive and symbolic themes, moving away from Impressionist movements and onto realistic representation.
Edvard Munch= A Norwegian painter and printmaker whose unconventional works would later be recognized as a precursor to Expressionism and a key influence on Modernism. Painted "The Scream"
home rule= An Irish campaign for self-governance within the UK for Ireland, advocating for Irish parliament to handle local affairs.
suffragettes, suffragists= Suffragists advocated for a woman's right to vote through peaceful means, such as lobbying. Suffragettes employed more militant tactics, like civil disobedience and property damage.
Emmeline Pankhurst= A prominent British political activist and leader of the militant suffrage movement, known for founding the Women's Social and Political Union in 1903.
Dreyfus affair= A political scandal in France, involving the wrongful conviction of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish French Army Officer, for treason by passing French secrets onto German personnel. This exposed deep rooted anti-Semitism.
Wilhelm II= The last German Emperor and king of Prussia, reigned from 1888-1918, a period marked by militarism, aggressive foreign policy, and rise of tensions leading to WWI. Characterized by his intense need for German power on the world stage.
Weltpolitik= "World Politics", refers to the German Empire's imperialist foreign policy during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, aiming to transform Germany into a global power through aggressive diplomacy and expansionism.
Young Turks= A political movement in the Ottoman Empire that sought to replace absolute monarchy with a constitutional government.
Nicholas II= The last tsar of Russia, ruled from 1894 until his abdication in 1917 during the Russian Revolution. Led to the downfall of the Romanov family and the rise of Bolshevism.
Bolsheviks= A radical faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labor party, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia during the October Revolution of 1917, establishing the first socialist state.
Vladimir Lenin= The mastermind behind the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, and the first head of the USSR.
soviets, Duma= In Russia, the Duma was the elected legislative body (the lower house), established in 1905. Nicholas 2 of Russia restricted male suffrage and limited political opposition with this. The soviets were councils of workers and soldiers who emerged during the same period (played a key role in the 1917 revolution).
Triple Alliance= A military and political alliance between Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Italian 1882, aimed at mutual support and countering potential threats, particularly from France and Russia.
Triple Entente= An informal alliance of France, Great Britain, and Russia, formed as a counter to the Triple Alliance.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand= Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, whose assassination by a Serb due to Serbian nationalism was the direct cause of World War I.