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Flashcard #1
Term: Elements
Definition: Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, such as oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), carbon (C), and hydrogen (H).

Flashcard #2
Term: Trace Elements
Definition: Elements required by an organism in very small quantities, including iron (Fe), iodine (I), and copper (Cu).

Flashcard #3
Term: Atoms
Definition: The unit of life, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Flashcard #4
Term: Protons
Definition: Positively charged particles in an atom.

Flashcard #5
Term: Neutrons
Definition: Uncharged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

Flashcard #6
Term: Electrons
Definition: Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus of an atom.

Flashcard #7
Term: Isotopes
Definition: Atoms that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons.

Flashcard #8
Term: Compounds
Definition: Substances formed by the chemical bonding of two or more elements.

Flashcard #9
Term: Chemical Bonds
Definition: Forces that hold atoms together in a compound, including ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.

Flashcard #10
Term: Ionic Bonds
Definition: Bonds formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

Flashcard #11
Term: Covalent Bonds
Definition: Bonds formed when electrons are shared between atoms.

Flashcard #12
Term: Polar Covalent Bonds
Definition: Bonds formed when electrons are shared unequally between atoms.

Flashcard #13
Term: Non-polar Covalent Bonds
Definition: Bonds formed when electrons are shared equally between atoms.

Flashcard #14
Term: Hydrogen Bonds
Definition: Weak chemical bonds that form between hydrogen and an electronegative atom, significant in water molecules.

Flashcard #15
Term: Cohesion
Definition: The tendency of water molecules to stick to each other.

Flashcard #16
Term: Adhesion
Definition: The tendency of water molecules to stick to other substances.

Flashcard #17
Term: Capillary Action
Definition: The ability of water to rise in narrow spaces, such as in plant roots.

Flashcard #18
Term: Surface Tension
Definition: The elastic tendency of water surfaces to acquire the least surface area.

Flashcard #19
Term: Acids
Definition: Substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.

Flashcard #20
Term: Bases
Definition: Substances that release hydroxide ions (OH–) when added to water.

Flashcard #21
Term: pH Scale
Definition: A scale ranging from 1 to 14 that measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

Flashcard #22
Term: Organic Molecules
Definition: Compounds containing carbon; include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Flashcard #23
Term: Polymers
Definition: Chains of monomers that form macromolecules.

Flashcard #24
Term: Monomers
Definition: Individual building blocks that link together to form polymers.

Flashcard #25
Term: Dehydration Synthesis
Definition: The process of forming a polymer by removing a water molecule.

Flashcard #26
Term: Hydrolysis
Definition: The process of breaking down polymers into monomers using water.

Flashcard #27
Term: Carbohydrates
Definition: Organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in approximately a 1:2:1 ratio.

Flashcard #28
Term: Monosaccharides
Definition: The simplest carbohydrates; primary energy sources for cells, e.g., glucose and fructose.

Flashcard #29
Term: Disaccharides
Definition: Carbohydrates formed by the union of two monosaccharides, e.g., maltose.

Flashcard #30
Term: Polysaccharides
Definition: Carbohydrates composed of many monosaccharides; examples include starch, cellulose, and glycogen.

Flashcard #31
Term: Glycogen
Definition: Storage form of sugar in animals.

Flashcard #32
Term: Starch
Definition: Storage form of sugar in plants.

Flashcard #33
Term: Cellulose
Definition: A polysaccharide that provides structural support in plant cell walls.

Flashcard #34
Term: Proteins
Definition: Polymers made of amino acids, essential for structure and function in organisms.

Flashcard #35
Term: Amino Acids
Definition: Building blocks of proteins, containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and the R-group.

Flashcard #36
Term: Peptide Bond
Definition: The bond formed between two amino acids.

Flashcard #37
Term: Polypeptide
Definition: A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Flashcard #38
Term: Primary Structure
Definition: The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Flashcard #39
Term: Secondary Structure
Definition: The local folding of regions of a polypeptide, including alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets.

Flashcard #40
Term: Tertiary Structure
Definition: The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein formed by interactions between side chains.

Flashcard #41
Term: Quaternary Structure
Definition: The structure formed when multiple polypeptide chains interact to form a functional protein.

Flashcard #42
Term: Lipids
Definition: Organic compounds including triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids that are important for energy storage and membrane structure.

Flashcard #43
Term: Triglycerides
Definition: Lipids composed of one glycerol and three fatty acid chains, used for energy storage.

Flashcard #44
Term: Phospholipids
Definition: Lipids with two fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic phosphate head, forming cell membranes.

Flashcard #45
Term: Saturated Fatty Acids
Definition: Fatty acids without double bonds between carbon atoms, generally solid at room temperature.

Flashcard #46
Term: Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Definition: Fatty acids with one or more double bonds, generally liquid at room temperature.

Flashcard #47
Term: Cholesterol
Definition: A steroid found in membranes that helps maintain fluidity and is a precursor to certain hormones.

Flashcard #48
Term: Nucleic Acids
Definition: Biomolecules composed of nucleotides, including DNA and RNA, essential for storing and transmitting genetic information.